Critical Thinking ISE
Kaup valmöguleikar
Critical Thinking eftir Moore og Parker fjallar ekki aðeins um gagnrýna hugsun heldur þjálfar nemendur markvisst í að beita henni. Hundruð verkefna og dæma auðvelda nemendum að tileinka sér efnið og hugsa sjálfstætt á gagnrýninn hátt. Með hnitmiðuðum og aðgengilegum texta og skýru umbrotum þjálfar Critical Thinking nemendur í að afla upplýsinga á skilvirkari hátt, bera kennsl á vafasamar fullyrðingar og efla mikilvæga færni í gagnrýninni hugsun.
Moore and Parker’s Critical Thinking is not about critical thinking as much as it is a text in critical thinking. It provides guided practice through hundreds of exercises and examples, to help students apply content and think critically themselves. With an enjoyable, concise reading style and a visually clear layout, Critical Thinking trains students to improve information acquisition skills, recognize dubious claims, and hone critically important skills.
The authors’ expanded coverage on how to recognize dubious claims is gravely applicable in the current climate of fake news, deep fakes, and AI-created information. The authors provide guided practice in what instructors say are the most important critical thinking skill sets for students.
Nánar um bókina
- McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)
- 9781264517572
- 9781266808869
- ePub
- 14
- Brooke Noel Moore; Richard Parker
- English
- 2024-06-03
- 100
- 2
- 2
Kaflar
- Front Matter
- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Connect
- A complete course platform
- Every learner is unique
- Study anytime, anywhere
- Effective tools for efficient studying
- Education for all
- Updated and relevant content
- Changes to The 2024 Release
- Acknowledgments
- About the Authors
- Dedication
- Prologue
- Chapter 1: Driving Blindfolded
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- What you can think critically about
- Critical thinking isn’t adversarial
- Important things this book isn’t about
- Blindfolded driving?
- Reasoning, Arguments, and Issues
- You’ve given yourself this argument:
- Issues
- Fact and Opinion
- Examples of factual statements:
- Factual vs. non-factual questions and issues
- Reasoning is used to establish both factual and non-factual statements/claims
- Are moral/ethical issues non-factual?
- Critical Thinking Roadblocks
- Cognitive bias
- Counteracting cognitive bias
- Truth and Knowledge
- What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do
- A Word about The Exercises
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 1-1
- Exercise 1-2
- Exercise 1-3
- Exercise 1-4
- Exercise 1-5
- Exercise 1-6
- Exercise 1-7
- Exercise 1-8
- Exercise 1-11
- Exercise 1-12
- Exercise 1-13
- Exercise 1-14
- Exercise 1-15
- Exercise 1-16
- Chapter 2: Reasoning and Arguments
- Chapter 2 Introduction
- Two Kinds of Successful Reasoning
- Deductive reasoning
- Inductive reasoning
- Two Kinds of Deductive Reasoning
- Example of categorical reasoning:
- Four Kinds of Inductive Reasoning
- An example of generalizing:
- Telling Whether Reasoning is Deductive or Inductive
- Two examples to keep in mind:
- Things that aren't Arugments in The First Place
- Reports
- If/then statements
- “A because B” statements
- Selfies and Other Pictures
- Counterarguments and Balance-of-Consideration Reasoning
- Example of balance-of-considerations reasoning:
- Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
- Techniques for Understanding Arguments
- Diagramming an Argument’s Structure
- Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 2-1
- Exercise 2-3
- Exercise 2-4
- Exercise 2-5
- Exercise 2-6
- Exercise 2-7
- Exercise 2-8
- Exercise 2-9
- Exercise 2-10
- Exercise 2-11
- Exercise 2-12
- Exercise 2-13
- Exercise 2-14
- Exercise 2-15
- Exercise 2-16
- Exercise 2-17
- Exercise 2-18
- Exercise 2-19
- Exercise 2-20
- Exercise 2-21
- Chapter 3: Vagueness, Generality, Ambiguity, and Definition
- Chapter 3 Introduction
- Vagueness, Generality, and Ambiguity
- Vagueness
- Generality
- Ambiguity
- Defining Terms
- Definition Purposes
- Definition Forms
- Evaluating Definitions
- Evaluating Argumentative Essays
- Examples of prima facie inconsistencies:
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 3-1
- Exercise 3-2
- Exercise 3-3
- Exercise 3-4
- Exercise 3-5
- Exercise 3-6
- Exercise 3-7
- Exercise 3-8
- Exercise 3-9
- Exercise 3-10
- Exercise 3-12
- Exercise 3-13
- Exercise 3-14
- Exercise 3-17
- Exercise 3-18
- Chapter 4: Believability of Claims and Credibility of Sources
- Chapter 4 Introduction
- When does a claim’s content present Believability Problems?
- When does a claim’s source present Credibility Problems?
- Reasons for Questioning a Source’s Credibility
- Expertise
- When Experts Disagree or Turn Out to Have Been Mistaken
- Expertise Isn’t Interdisciplinary
- Unreliable Indicators of Credibility
- The News
- Mainstream News Media
- Videos
- Social Media
- Wikipedia
- Talk Radio
- Blogs
- Advertising
- Three Kinds of Ads
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 4-2
- Exercise 4-7-b
- Exercise 4-13
- Exercise 4-14
- Exercise 4-15
- Exercise 4-16
- Solution to triangle puzzle on page 107
- Chapter 5: Linguistic Persuasion Devices
- Chapter 5 Introduction
- Logical Force Versus Rhetorical Force
- Euphemisms, Dyphemisms, and Sweeteners
- Examples of sweeteners:
- Examples of dysphemisms:
- Examples of euphemisms:
- Downplayers
- Examples of downplayers:
- RIDICULE (SARCASM; DERISION)
- Stereotyping Language
- Examples of stereotypes with negative associations:
- Innuendo
- Examples of innuendo:
- Loaded Questions, Loaded Definitions, Loaded Explanations, and Loaded Analogies
- Examples of loaded questions:
- Hyperbole and Repetition
- Examples of hyperbole:
- Weaselers and Proof Surrogates
- Examples of weaselers:
- Non-Verbal Visual Persuasion
- Peopaganda and Demagoguery
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 5-1
- Exercise 5-3
- Exercise 5-4
- Exercise 5-7
- Exercise 5-8
- Exercise 5-9
- Exercise 5-10
- Exercise 5-11
- Exercise 5-12
- Exercise 5-13
- Exercise 5-15
- Exercise 5-20
- Exercise 5-21
- Exercise 5-22
- Chapter 6: Bogus Logos Part I: Relevance Fallacies
- Chapter 6 Introduction
- Argumentum ad Hominem
- First example of an argumentum ad hominem:
- Poisoning the Well
- Guilt by Association
- Genetic Fallacy
- Straw Man
- First example of the straw man fallacy:
- False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives)
- First example of the false dilemma fallacy:
- Perfectionist Fallacy
- The Line-Drawing Fallacy
- Misplacing The Burden of Proof
- Examples of misplacing the burden of proof:
- Begging the Question (Using a Conclusion as Evidence of its Own Truth)
- First example of begging the question:
- Appeals to Emotion
- Argument from Outrage
- Scare Tactics
- Appeal to Pity
- Other Appeals to Emotion
- Two Wrongs Make a Right, Wishful Thinking, and Denial
- Irrelevant Conclusion
- Three examples of Irrelevant Conclusion:
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercises
- Chapter 7: Bogus Logos Part II: Induction Fallacies
- Chapter 7 Introduction
- Hasty Generalizing (Generalizing from too few Cases)
- Examples of hasty generalizing:
- Hasty Generalizing Used as Disproof
- Skewed Generalizing (Generalizing from Atypical cases)
- First example of skewed generalizing:
- Accident
- An example of accident:
- Weak Analogy
- Examples of weak analogy:
- Mistaken Appeal to Authority
- Examples of mistaken appeal to authority:
- Mistaken Appeal to Popularity
- Three examples of mistaken appeal to popularity:
- Appeal to Tradition/Appeal to Common Practice
- Bandwagon Fallacy
- Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect
- Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
- Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
- Confusing Correlation with Causation
- Overlooking the Possibility of Chance Variation and Overlooking the Possibility of Regression to the Mean
- Refutation by Anecdote, Causal Variety
- Slippery Slope
- Examples of the slippery slope fallacy:
- Untestable Statement
- Examples of untestable statements:
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercises
- Chapter 8: Bogus Logos III: Formal Fallacies, Fallacies of Ambiguity, and Fallacies Involving Miscalculating Probabilities
- Chapter 8 Introduction
- Fallacies Involving Defective Logical Form
- Affirming the Consequent
- Form of Affirming the Consequent:
- Denying the Antecedent
- Form of Denying the Antecedent:
- Undistributed Middle
- Two versions of Undistributed Middle:
- Illicit Conversion
- Three Forms of Illicit Conversion (Letters stand for terms):
- Confusing Contraries and Contradictories
- Form of Confusing Contradictories and Contraries:
- Fallacies of Ambiguity
- Equivocation
- Amphiboly
- Composition
- Division
- Miscalculating Probabilities
- Incorrectly Combining the Probability of Independent Events
- Gambler’s Fallacy
- Base Rate Fallacy
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 8-1
- Chapter 9: Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic
- Chapter 9 Introduction
- Categorical Logic
- Categorical Claims
- Venn Diagrams
- Translation into Standard Form
- Translating Claims in Which the Word “Only” or the Phrase “The Only” Occurs
- Translating Claims About Times and Places
- Translating Claims About Specific Individuals
- Translating Claims that Use Mass Nouns
- The Square of Opposition
- Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition
- Inferences Across the Square
- Three Categorical Relations
- Conversion
- Examples of claims and their converses.
- Obversion
- Examples of claims and their obverse:
- Contraposition
- Categorical Syllogisms
- Example of a categorical syllogism:
- The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity
- Existential Assumption in Categorical Syllogisms
- Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises
- First example fully spelled out:
- Second example of argument with an unstated premise:
- Second example fully spelled out:
- Real-Life Syllogisms
- First real-life syllogism example:
- The Rules Method of Testing for Validity
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 9-1
- Exercise 9-2
- Exercise 9-3
- Exercise 9-4
- Exercise 9-5
- Exercise 9-6
- Exercise 9-7
- Exercise 9-8
- Exercise 9-9
- Exercise 9-10
- Exercise 9-11
- Exercise 9-12
- Exercise 9-13
- Exercise 9-14
- Exercise 9-15
- Exercise 9-16
- Exercise 9-17
- Exercise 9-18
- Exercise 9-19
- Exercise 9-21
- Exercise 9-22
- Exercise 9-23
- Exercise 9-24
- Exercise 9-27
- Chapter 10: Deductive Arguments II (Natural Deduction): Truth-Functional Logic
- Chapter 10 Introduction
- Truth-Functional (Sentential) Logic
- Truth Tables and Logical Symbols
- Claim Variables
- Truth Tables
- Symbolizing Compound Claims
- “If” and “Only If”
- Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
- “Unless”
- “Either . . . Or”
- Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version)
- Three Common Valid Argument Patterns
- Modus Ponens
- Modus Tollens
- Chain Argument
- Three Mistakes: Invalid Argument Forms
- Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version)
- The Truth-Table Method
- The Short Truth-Table Method
- A system of Natural Deduction
- Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns
- Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences
- Conditional Proof
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Test Yourself Answer
- Exercise 10-1
- Exercise 10-4
- Exercise 10-5
- Exercise 10-8
- Exercise 10-9
- Exercise 10-10
- Exercise 10-11
- Exercise 10-12
- Exercise 10-13
- Exercise 10-14
- Exercise 10-15
- Exercise 10-16
- Exercise 10-17
- Exercise 10-18
- Exercise 10-19
- Exercise 10-20
- Exercise 10-21
- Exercise 10-22
- Chapter 11: Inductive Reasoning
- Chapter 11 Introduction
- Inductive Analogical Arguments
- First example of an inductive analogical argument:
- Evaluating Inductive Analogical Arguments
- Criterion for Evaluating the Strength of an Inductive Analogical Argument:
- Attacking the Analogy
- Three Inductive Analogical Arguments Analyzed
- Other Uses of Analogy
- Generalizing from Nonrandom Samples
- First example of generalizing from a nonrandom sample:
- Evaluating Generalizations from Nonrandom Samples
- Criterion for Evaluating the Strength of a Generalization from a Nonrandom Sample:
- Attacking the Generalization
- Three Generalizations from Nonrandom Samples Analyzed
- Generalizing from Random Samples
- Example 1: Given that a variable is present in n percent of the members of a random sample of 30,
- Two Conclusions Regarding Generalizing from Random Samples
- Instantiating (De-Generalizing)
- First example of Instantiating:
- Form of Instantiating:
- Causal Statements and Their Support
- Example of an argument used to establish a causal statement:
- Reasons for Hypothesizing Cause and Effect
- Testing a Causal Hypothesis
- Randomized Controlled Experiments (RCEs)
- Observational Studies
- Calculating Statistical Probabilities
- Joint Occurrence of Independent Events
- Alternative Occurrences
- Expectation Value
- Calculating Conditional Probabilities
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 11-1
- Exercise 11-2
- Exercise 11-3
- Exercise 11-4
- Exercise 11-6
- Exercise 11-8
- Exercise 11-9
- Exercise 11-10
- Exercise 11-11
- Exercise 11-12
- Exercise 11-13
- Exercise 11-14
- Exercise 11-15
- Exercise 11-16
- Exercise 11-17
- Exercise 11-18
- Exercise 11-19
- Exercise 11-20
- Exercise 11-21
- Exercise 11-22
- Exercise 11-23
- Exercise 11-24
- Exercise 11-25
- Exercise 11-26
- Exercise 11-27
- Exercise 11-28
- Exercise 11-29
- Exercise 11-30
- Exercise 11-31
- Exercise 11-33
- Exercise 11-34
- Exercise 11-37
- Chapter 12: Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning
- Chapter 12 Introduction
- Moral Value Judgments
- Examples of value judgments:
- Two Moral Reasoning Principles
- The consistency moralreasoning principle:
- The burden-of-proof moralreasoning principle:
- General Moal Statements
- Example of a general moral statement:
- The Foundations of Moral Reasoning
- Outcome Morality (Consequentialism)
- Rule Morality
- Virtue Morality
- Moral Relativism
- Moral Subjectivism (Existentialism)
- Religious Absolutism
- Moral Deliberation
- Legal Reasoning
- Four Justifications for Legal Proscriptions
- Aesthetic Reasoning
- Eight Aesthetic Principles
- Using Aesthetic Principles to Judge Aesthetic Value
- Evaluating Aesthetic Criticism: Relevance and Truth
- Recap
- Additional Exercises
- Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
- Exercise 12-1
- Exercise 12-2
- Exercise 12-3
- Exercise 12-4
- Exercise 12-5
- Exercise 12-6
- Exercise 12-7
- Exercise 12-8
- Exercise 12-11
- Exercise 12-13
- Exercise 12-14
- Exercise 12-15
- Exercise 12-16
- Exercise 12-17
- Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions
- Introduction
- Selected Exercises from Previous Editions
- Exercise A-1
- Exercise A-2
- Exercise A-3
- Exercise A-4
- Exercise A-5
- Exercise A-6
- Exercise A-7
- Exercise A-8
- Exercise A-9
- Exercise A-10
- Exercise A-11
- Exercise A-12
- Exercise A-13
- Exercise A-14
- Exercise A-15
- Exercise A-16
- Exercise A-17
- Exercise A-18
- Glossary
- Glossary
- Index
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- Y
- Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
- Clarifying an Argument’s Structure Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 2)
- Exercise 2-21 Question 14 (Chapter 2)
- Exercise 2-21 Question 18 (Chapter 2)
- Exercise 2-21 Question 14 (Chapter 2)
- Exercise 2-21 Question 18 (Chapter 2)
- Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 4)
- Historical event (Chapter 5)
- Argument from Outrage Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 6)
- GENERALIZATIONS Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
- MISTAKEN APPEAL TO POPULARITY Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
- Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
- UNTESTABLE EXPLANATION Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
- Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
- A Guide to Dweebs, Dorks, Geeks, and Nerds Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 13 (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 3 (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 4 (Chapter 9)
- Overlapping circles (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Louis (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Halyards (Chapter 9)
- The Venn Diagram Citizens (Chapter 9)
- Distributed terms (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 2 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 3 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 4 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-13 Louis (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-13 Citizens (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Question 1 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Question 4 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Question 7 (Chapter 9)
- Exercise 9-14 Question 10 (Chapter 9)
- Truth Tables Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
- Affirming the Consequent Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
- The Short Truth-Table Method Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
- Group II Rules Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
- Example 1 (Chapter 10)
- Example 2 (Chapter 10)
- Example 3 (Chapter 10)
- Example 4 (Chapter 10)
- Example 5 (Chapter 10)
- Answer 1 (Chapter 10)
- Answer 4 (Chapter 10)
- Answer 7 (Chapter 10)
- Answer 10 (Chapter 10)
- Truth-Functional (Chapter 10)
- Exercise 10-21 Q-1 (Chapter 10)
- Exercise 10-21 Q-4 (Chapter 10)
- Exercise 10-21 Q-7 (Chapter 10)
- Exercise 10-21 Q-10 (Chapter 10)
- Exercise 12-18 Image (Chapter 12)