Critical Thinking ISE

Name: Critical Thinking ISE
Price: 5240 ISK
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Author: Brooke Noel Moore; Richard Parker
ISBN: 9781264517572

Höfundar: Brooke Noel Moore; Richard Parker (Útgáfa: 14)

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Moore and Parker’s Critical Thinking is not about critical thinking as much as it is a text in critical thinking. It provides guided practice through hundreds of exercises and examples, to help students apply content and think critically themselves. With an enjoyable, concise reading style and a visually clear layout, Critical Thinking trains students to improve information acquisition skills, recognize dubious claims, and hone critically important skills.

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Útgefandi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)

ISBN: 9781264517572

Print ISBN: 9781266808869

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 14

Höfundar: Brooke Noel Moore; Richard Parker

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2024-06-03

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

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Front Matter
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Connect
A complete course platform
Every learner is unique
Study anytime, anywhere
Effective tools for efficient studying
Education for all
Updated and relevant content
Changes to The 2024 Release
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Dedication
Prologue
Chapter 1: Driving Blindfolded
Chapter 1 Introduction
What you can think critically about
Critical thinking isn’t adversarial
Important things this book isn’t about
Blindfolded driving?
Reasoning, Arguments, and Issues
You’ve given yourself this argument:
Issues
Fact and Opinion
Examples of factual statements:
Factual vs. non-factual questions and issues
Reasoning is used to establish both factual and non-factual statements/claims
Are moral/ethical issues non-factual?
Critical Thinking Roadblocks
Cognitive bias
Counteracting cognitive bias
Truth and Knowledge
What Critical Thinking Can and Can’t Do
A Word about The Exercises
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 1-1
Exercise 1-2
Exercise 1-3
Exercise 1-4
Exercise 1-5
Exercise 1-6
Exercise 1-7
Exercise 1-8
Exercise 1-11
Exercise 1-12
Exercise 1-13
Exercise 1-14
Exercise 1-15
Exercise 1-16
Chapter 2: Reasoning and Arguments
Chapter 2 Introduction
Two Kinds of Successful Reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Two Kinds of Deductive Reasoning
Example of categorical reasoning:
Four Kinds of Inductive Reasoning
An example of generalizing:
Telling Whether Reasoning is Deductive or Inductive
Two examples to keep in mind:
Things that aren't Arugments in The First Place
Reports
If/then statements
“A because B” statements
Selfies and Other Pictures
Counterarguments and Balance-of-Consideration Reasoning
Example of balance-of-considerations reasoning:
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
Techniques for Understanding Arguments
Diagramming an Argument’s Structure
Distinguishing Arguments from Window Dressing
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 2-1
Exercise 2-3
Exercise 2-4
Exercise 2-5
Exercise 2-6
Exercise 2-7
Exercise 2-8
Exercise 2-9
Exercise 2-10
Exercise 2-11
Exercise 2-12
Exercise 2-13
Exercise 2-14
Exercise 2-15
Exercise 2-16
Exercise 2-17
Exercise 2-18
Exercise 2-19
Exercise 2-20
Exercise 2-21
Chapter 3: Vagueness, Generality, Ambiguity, and Definition
Chapter 3 Introduction
Vagueness, Generality, and Ambiguity
Vagueness
Generality
Ambiguity
Defining Terms
Definition Purposes
Definition Forms
Evaluating Definitions
Evaluating Argumentative Essays
Examples of prima facie inconsistencies:
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 3-1
Exercise 3-2
Exercise 3-3
Exercise 3-4
Exercise 3-5
Exercise 3-6
Exercise 3-7
Exercise 3-8
Exercise 3-9
Exercise 3-10
Exercise 3-12
Exercise 3-13
Exercise 3-14
Exercise 3-17
Exercise 3-18
Chapter 4: Believability of Claims and Credibility of Sources
Chapter 4 Introduction
When does a claim’s content present Believability Problems?
When does a claim’s source present Credibility Problems?
Reasons for Questioning a Source’s Credibility
Expertise
When Experts Disagree or Turn Out to Have Been Mistaken
Expertise Isn’t Interdisciplinary
Unreliable Indicators of Credibility
The News
Mainstream News Media
Videos
Social Media
Wikipedia
Talk Radio
Blogs
Advertising
Three Kinds of Ads
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 4-2
Exercise 4-7-b
Exercise 4-13
Exercise 4-14
Exercise 4-15
Exercise 4-16
Solution to triangle puzzle on page 107
Chapter 5: Linguistic Persuasion Devices
Chapter 5 Introduction
Logical Force Versus Rhetorical Force
Euphemisms, Dyphemisms, and Sweeteners
Examples of sweeteners:
Examples of dysphemisms:
Examples of euphemisms:
Downplayers
Examples of downplayers:
RIDICULE (SARCASM; DERISION)
Stereotyping Language
Examples of stereotypes with negative associations:
Innuendo
Examples of innuendo:
Loaded Questions, Loaded Definitions, Loaded Explanations, and Loaded Analogies
Examples of loaded questions:
Hyperbole and Repetition
Examples of hyperbole:
Weaselers and Proof Surrogates
Examples of weaselers:
Non-Verbal Visual Persuasion
Peopaganda and Demagoguery
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 5-1
Exercise 5-3
Exercise 5-4
Exercise 5-7
Exercise 5-8
Exercise 5-9
Exercise 5-10
Exercise 5-11
Exercise 5-12
Exercise 5-13
Exercise 5-15
Exercise 5-20
Exercise 5-21
Exercise 5-22
Chapter 6: Bogus Logos Part I: Relevance Fallacies
Chapter 6 Introduction
Argumentum ad Hominem
First example of an argumentum ad hominem:
Poisoning the Well
Guilt by Association
Genetic Fallacy
Straw Man
First example of the straw man fallacy:
False Dilemma (Ignoring Other Alternatives)
First example of the false dilemma fallacy:
Perfectionist Fallacy
The Line-Drawing Fallacy
Misplacing The Burden of Proof
Examples of misplacing the burden of proof:
Begging the Question (Using a Conclusion as Evidence of its Own Truth)
First example of begging the question:
Appeals to Emotion
Argument from Outrage
Scare Tactics
Appeal to Pity
Other Appeals to Emotion
Two Wrongs Make a Right, Wishful Thinking, and Denial
Irrelevant Conclusion
Three examples of Irrelevant Conclusion:
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercises
Chapter 7: Bogus Logos Part II: Induction Fallacies
Chapter 7 Introduction
Hasty Generalizing (Generalizing from too few Cases)
Examples of hasty generalizing:
Hasty Generalizing Used as Disproof
Skewed Generalizing (Generalizing from Atypical cases)
First example of skewed generalizing:
Accident
An example of accident:
Weak Analogy
Examples of weak analogy:
Mistaken Appeal to Authority
Examples of mistaken appeal to authority:
Mistaken Appeal to Popularity
Three examples of mistaken appeal to popularity:
Appeal to Tradition/Appeal to Common Practice
Bandwagon Fallacy
Fallacies Related to Cause and Effect
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
Confusing Correlation with Causation
Overlooking the Possibility of Chance Variation and Overlooking the Possibility of Regression to the Mean
Refutation by Anecdote, Causal Variety
Slippery Slope
Examples of the slippery slope fallacy:
Untestable Statement
Examples of untestable statements:
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercises
Chapter 8: Bogus Logos III: Formal Fallacies, Fallacies of Ambiguity, and Fallacies Involving Miscalculating Probabilities
Chapter 8 Introduction
Fallacies Involving Defective Logical Form
Affirming the Consequent
Form of Affirming the Consequent:
Denying the Antecedent
Form of Denying the Antecedent:
Undistributed Middle
Two versions of Undistributed Middle:
Illicit Conversion
Three Forms of Illicit Conversion (Letters stand for terms):
Confusing Contraries and Contradictories
Form of Confusing Contradictories and Contraries:
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation
Amphiboly
Composition
Division
Miscalculating Probabilities
Incorrectly Combining the Probability of Independent Events
Gambler’s Fallacy
Base Rate Fallacy
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 8-1
Chapter 9: Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic
Chapter 9 Introduction
Categorical Logic
Categorical Claims
Venn Diagrams
Translation into Standard Form
Translating Claims in Which the Word “Only” or the Phrase “The Only” Occurs
Translating Claims About Times and Places
Translating Claims About Specific Individuals
Translating Claims that Use Mass Nouns
The Square of Opposition
Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition
Inferences Across the Square
Three Categorical Relations
Conversion
Examples of claims and their converses.
Obversion
Examples of claims and their obverse:
Contraposition
Categorical Syllogisms
Example of a categorical syllogism:
The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity
Existential Assumption in Categorical Syllogisms
Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises
First example fully spelled out:
Second example of argument with an unstated premise:
Second example fully spelled out:
Real-Life Syllogisms
First real-life syllogism example:
The Rules Method of Testing for Validity
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 9-1
Exercise 9-2
Exercise 9-3
Exercise 9-4
Exercise 9-5
Exercise 9-6
Exercise 9-7
Exercise 9-8
Exercise 9-9
Exercise 9-10
Exercise 9-11
Exercise 9-12
Exercise 9-13
Exercise 9-14
Exercise 9-15
Exercise 9-16
Exercise 9-17
Exercise 9-18
Exercise 9-19
Exercise 9-21
Exercise 9-22
Exercise 9-23
Exercise 9-24
Exercise 9-27
Chapter 10: Deductive Arguments II (Natural Deduction): Truth-Functional Logic
Chapter 10 Introduction
Truth-Functional (Sentential) Logic
Truth Tables and Logical Symbols
Claim Variables
Truth Tables
Symbolizing Compound Claims
“If” and “Only If”
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
“Unless”
“Either . . . Or”
Truth-Functional Argument Patterns (Brief Version)
Three Common Valid Argument Patterns
Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Chain Argument
Three Mistakes: Invalid Argument Forms
Truth-Functional Arguments (Full Version)
The Truth-Table Method
The Short Truth-Table Method
A system of Natural Deduction
Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns
Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences
Conditional Proof
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Test Yourself Answer
Exercise 10-1
Exercise 10-4
Exercise 10-5
Exercise 10-8
Exercise 10-9
Exercise 10-10
Exercise 10-11
Exercise 10-12
Exercise 10-13
Exercise 10-14
Exercise 10-15
Exercise 10-16
Exercise 10-17
Exercise 10-18
Exercise 10-19
Exercise 10-20
Exercise 10-21
Exercise 10-22
Chapter 11: Inductive Reasoning
Chapter 11 Introduction
Inductive Analogical Arguments
First example of an inductive analogical argument:
Evaluating Inductive Analogical Arguments
Criterion for Evaluating the Strength of an Inductive Analogical Argument:
Attacking the Analogy
Three Inductive Analogical Arguments Analyzed
Other Uses of Analogy
Generalizing from Nonrandom Samples
First example of generalizing from a nonrandom sample:
Evaluating Generalizations from Nonrandom Samples
Criterion for Evaluating the Strength of a Generalization from a Nonrandom Sample:
Attacking the Generalization
Three Generalizations from Nonrandom Samples Analyzed
Generalizing from Random Samples
Example 1: Given that a variable is present in n percent of the members of a random sample of 30,
Two Conclusions Regarding Generalizing from Random Samples
Instantiating (De-Generalizing)
First example of Instantiating:
Form of Instantiating:
Causal Statements and Their Support
Example of an argument used to establish a causal statement:
Reasons for Hypothesizing Cause and Effect
Testing a Causal Hypothesis
Randomized Controlled Experiments (RCEs)
Observational Studies
Calculating Statistical Probabilities
Joint Occurrence of Independent Events
Alternative Occurrences
Expectation Value
Calculating Conditional Probabilities
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 11-1
Exercise 11-2
Exercise 11-3
Exercise 11-4
Exercise 11-6
Exercise 11-8
Exercise 11-9
Exercise 11-10
Exercise 11-11
Exercise 11-12
Exercise 11-13
Exercise 11-14
Exercise 11-15
Exercise 11-16
Exercise 11-17
Exercise 11-18
Exercise 11-19
Exercise 11-20
Exercise 11-21
Exercise 11-22
Exercise 11-23
Exercise 11-24
Exercise 11-25
Exercise 11-26
Exercise 11-27
Exercise 11-28
Exercise 11-29
Exercise 11-30
Exercise 11-31
Exercise 11-33
Exercise 11-34
Exercise 11-37
Chapter 12: Moral, Legal, and Aesthetic Reasoning
Chapter 12 Introduction
Moral Value Judgments
Examples of value judgments:
Two Moral Reasoning Principles
The consistency moralreasoning principle:
The burden-of-proof moralreasoning principle:
General Moal Statements
Example of a general moral statement:
The Foundations of Moral Reasoning
Outcome Morality (Consequentialism)
Rule Morality
Virtue Morality
Moral Relativism
Moral Subjectivism (Existentialism)
Religious Absolutism
Moral Deliberation
Legal Reasoning
Four Justifications for Legal Proscriptions
Aesthetic Reasoning
Eight Aesthetic Principles
Using Aesthetic Principles to Judge Aesthetic Value
Evaluating Aesthetic Criticism: Relevance and Truth
Recap
Additional Exercises
Answers, Suggestions, and Tips for Triangle Exercises
Exercise 12-1
Exercise 12-2
Exercise 12-3
Exercise 12-4
Exercise 12-5
Exercise 12-6
Exercise 12-7
Exercise 12-8
Exercise 12-11
Exercise 12-13
Exercise 12-14
Exercise 12-15
Exercise 12-16
Exercise 12-17
Appendix: Selected Exercises from Previous Editions
Introduction
Selected Exercises from Previous Editions
Exercise A-1
Exercise A-2
Exercise A-3
Exercise A-4
Exercise A-5
Exercise A-6
Exercise A-7
Exercise A-8
Exercise A-9
Exercise A-10
Exercise A-11
Exercise A-12
Exercise A-13
Exercise A-14
Exercise A-15
Exercise A-16
Exercise A-17
Exercise A-18
Glossary
Glossary
Index
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images
Clarifying an Argument’s Structure Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 2)
Exercise 2-21 Question 14 (Chapter 2)
Exercise 2-21 Question 18 (Chapter 2)
Exercise 2-21 Question 14 (Chapter 2)
Exercise 2-21 Question 18 (Chapter 2)
Does the Claim Conflict with Our Background Information? Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 4)
Historical event (Chapter 5)
Argument from Outrage Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 6)
GENERALIZATIONS Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
MISTAKEN APPEAL TO POPULARITY Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
UNTESTABLE EXPLANATION Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 7)
Existential Assumption and the Square of Opposition Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
A Guide to Dweebs, Dorks, Geeks, and Nerds Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 13 (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 3 (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Method of Testing for Validity Unnumbered Figure 4 (Chapter 9)
Overlapping circles (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Louis (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Halyards (Chapter 9)
The Venn Diagram Citizens (Chapter 9)
Distributed terms (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 2 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 3 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Unnumbered Figure 4 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-13 Louis (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-13 Citizens (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Question 1 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Question 4 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Question 7 (Chapter 9)
Exercise 9-14 Question 10 (Chapter 9)
Truth Tables Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
Affirming the Consequent Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
The Short Truth-Table Method Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
Group II Rules Unnumbered Figure 1 (Chapter 10)
Example 1 (Chapter 10)
Example 2 (Chapter 10)
Example 3 (Chapter 10)
Example 4 (Chapter 10)
Example 5 (Chapter 10)
Answer 1 (Chapter 10)
Answer 4 (Chapter 10)
Answer 7 (Chapter 10)
Answer 10 (Chapter 10)
Truth-Functional (Chapter 10)
Exercise 10-21 Q-1 (Chapter 10)
Exercise 10-21 Q-4 (Chapter 10)
Exercise 10-21 Q-7 (Chapter 10)
Exercise 10-21 Q-10 (Chapter 10)
Exercise 12-18 Image (Chapter 12)