Criminological Theory: Past to Present

Höfundar: Francis T. Cullen; Robert Agnew; Pamela Wilcox (Útgáfa: 7)
Criminological Theory: Past to Present

Kaup valmöguleikar

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic US
ISBN
9780197619339
Print ISBN
9780197619315
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Francis T. Cullen; Robert Agnew; Pamela Wilcox
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2021-11-15
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Dedication
  • About the Editors
  • Acknowledgments
  • Changes Made in the Seventh Edition
  • Instructor’s Guide
  • Contents
  • Introduction Understanding Criminological Theory: A Guide for Readers
  • How to Use This Book
  • Central Theme: Past to Present
  • Keeping Theories Straight
  • How Criminological Theory Developed
  • Section 1. The Rise and Growth of American Criminology
  • Section 2. Rethinking Criminology
  • Section 3. Choice, Opportunity, and Crime
  • Section 4. Development and Crime Across the Life Course
  • Section 5. Contemporary Criminology
  • The Criminological Adventure Begins
  • Section 1 The Rise and Growth of American Criminology
  • Part I The Origins of Modern Criminology
  • References
  • 1. An Essay on Crimes and Punishments*
  • Of the Origin of Punishment
  • Of the Interpretation of Laws
  • Of the Obscurity of Laws
  • Of the Proportion Between Crimes and Punishments
  • Of the Intent of Punishments
  • Of the Advantage of Immediate Punishment
  • Of the Mildness of Punishments
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 2. The Criminal Man*
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part II The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime
  • References
  • 3. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas*
  • Differential Systems of Values
  • Differential Social Organization
  • Discussion Questions
  • 4. Systemic Control and Crime*
  • Social Disorganization
  • The Original Shaw and McKay Thesis
  • The Systemic Implications of the Basic Social Disorganization Model
  • The Public Level of Systemic Crime Control
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 5. Collective Efficacy and Crime*
  • What Influences Collective Efficacy?
  • Research Design
  • Measure of Collective Efficacy
  • Discussion and Implications
  • Discussion Questions
  • 6. Legal Cynicism and Crime*
  • From Culture in Values to Cultural Frames
  • Legal Cynicism
  • Transmitting Legal Cynicism
  • The Consequences of Legal Cynicism
  • Conceptual Model
  • Data and Research Design
  • Variables
  • Discussion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part III Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories
  • References
  • 7. A Theory of Differential Association*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 8. White-Collar Criminality*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 9. A Social Learning Theory of Crime*
  • Development of the Theory
  • The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Learning Theory
  • The Social Learning Process: Sequence and Feedback Effects
  • Social Structure and Social Learning
  • Empirical Validity of Social Learning Theory
  • Critiques and Research on Social Learning Variables
  • Akers’ Research on Social Learning Theory
  • Summary
  • Discussion Questions
  • 10. The Code of the Street*
  • Decent and Street Families
  • Campaigning for Respect
  • Self-Image Based on “Juice”
  • By Trial of Manhood
  • Girls and Boys
  • “Going for Bad”
  • An Oppositional Culture
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part IV Anomie/Strain Theories of Crime
  • References
  • 11. Social Structure and Anomie*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 12. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang*
  • Action Is Problem-Solving
  • How Subcultural Solutions Arise
  • Subcultural Solutions to Status Problems
  • Growing Up in a Class System
  • What the Delinquent Subculture Has to Offer
  • Discussion Questions
  • 13. Crime and the American Dream*
  • The Anomie Tendencies of the American Dream
  • The Institutional Dynamics of Crime
  • The Normal Functions of Social Institutions
  • The American Dream and the Institutional Balance of Power
  • Anomie, Weak Social Controls, and Crime
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 14. Pressured Into Crime: General Strain Theory*
  • What Are Strains?
  • Objective and Subjective Strains
  • Experienced, Vicarious, and Anticipated Strains
  • What Are the Characteristics of Those Types of Strains Most Likely to Cause Crime?
  • The Strain Is Seen as High in Magnitude
  • The Strain Is Seen as Unjust
  • The Strain Is Associated with Low Social Control
  • The Strain Creates Some Pressure or Incentive for Criminal Coping
  • What Specific Strains Are Most Likely to Cause Crime?
  • Why Do Strains Increase the Likelihood of Crime?
  • Strains Lead to Negative Emotions
  • Strains Lead to the Personality Traits of Negative Emotionality and Low Constraint
  • Strains May Reduce Levels of Social Control
  • Strains May Foster the Social Learning of Crime
  • Why Are Some People More Likely Than Others to Cope with Strains Through Crime?
  • Individuals Lack the Ability to Cope with Strains in a Legal Manner
  • The Costs of Criminal Coping Are Low
  • Individuals Are Disposed to Crime
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part V Varieties of Control Theory
  • References
  • 15. Techniques of Neutralization*
  • The Denial of Responsibility
  • The Denial of Injury
  • The Denial of Victim
  • The Condemnation of the Condemners
  • The Appeal to Higher Loyalties
  • Discussion Questions
  • 16. Social Bond Theory*
  • Elements of the Bond
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
  • Where Is the Motivation?
  • Discussion Questions
  • 17. A General Theory of Crime*
  • Self-Control and Alternative Concepts
  • The Elements of Self-Control
  • The Many Manifestations of Low Self-Control
  • The Causes of Self-Control
  • Child-Rearing and Self-Control: The Family
  • The Attachment of the Parent to the Child
  • Parental Supervision
  • Recognition of Deviant Behavior
  • Punishment of Deviant Acts
  • Parental Criminality
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 2 Rethinking Criminology
  • Part VI Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals
  • References
  • 18. The Saints and the Roughnecks*
  • The Saints
  • The Saints on Weekends
  • The Saints in School
  • The Police and the Saints
  • The Roughnecks
  • Two Questions
  • Adult Careers of the Saints and the Roughnecks
  • Reinforcement
  • Discussion Questions
  • 19. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration*
  • Preventing Crime
  • The Theory of Reintegrative Shaming
  • Key Concepts
  • Short Summary of the Theory
  • Shunting the Colliding Locomotives of Criminological Theory
  • Discussion Questions
  • 20. Making Good*
  • Condemnation Scripts
  • Redemption Scripts
  • The “Real Me”
  • Tragic Optimism: Making “Good from the Bad”
  • Finding One’s Purpose
  • Recognizing Redemption
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part VII Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime
  • References
  • 21. Criminality and Economic Conditions*
  • Capitalism, Egoism, and Crime
  • The Proletariat
  • The Lower Proletariat
  • Conclusions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 22. Crime in a Market Society*
  • The Idea of Market Society
  • Market Society and Violent Crime
  • The Future
  • Discussion Questions
  • 23. The Concept and Theory of State-Corporate Crime*
  • The Creation of the Concept of State-Corporate Crime
  • State-Initiated and State-Facilitated Corporate Crime
  • Toward The Development of A Theory of State-Corporate Crime
  • Research on State-Corporate Crime
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part VIII Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime
  • References
  • 24. Sisters in Crime*
  • Social Differences
  • Female Passivity: Genetic Fact or Cultural Myth?
  • Gender Equality and Crime
  • Discussion Questions
  • 25. A Feminist Theory of Female Delinquency*
  • Toward a Feminist Theory of Delinquency
  • Criminalizing Girls’ Survival
  • Female Delinquency, Patriarchal Authority, and Family Courts
  • Discussion Questions
  • 26. Masculinities and Crime*
  • Gendered Social Action and Crime
  • Social Structures, Masculinities, and Crime in Youth Groups
  • White, Middle-Class Boys
  • Accommodating and Opposition Masculinities
  • School Success, Masculinity, and Youth Crime
  • White, Working-Class Boys
  • “The Lads” and the “Ear’oles”
  • Outside the School
  • Lower-Working-Class, Racial-Minority Boys
  • Opposition in School
  • Opposition Outside School
  • Discussion Questions
  • 27. Getting Played*
  • Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Violence Against Women
  • Witnessing Physical Violence Against Women
  • Sexual Harassment in Neighborhoods
  • Sexual Assault and Coercion in Neighborhoods
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part IX How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments
  • References
  • 28. A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality*
  • The Community Structure of Race and Crime
  • The Ecological Concentration of Race and Social Dislocations
  • The Structure of Social (Dis)organization
  • Social Isolation and Community Culture
  • Discussion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 29. Imprisoning Communities: Coerced Mobility Theory*
  • Incarceration and Crime
  • Black Males
  • Damage to Communities
  • The Lack of Strategic Options
  • Communities, Coercive Mobility, and Public Safety
  • A Framework for Identifying the Community Effects of Concentrated Incarceration
  • Familial Systems
  • Economic Systems
  • Political Systems
  • The Impact of Incarceration on Community Safety
  • The Obvious Need: Sentencing Reform
  • The Number of Entries and Their Length of Stay Fully Determine the Prison Population
  • Mandatory Sentencing
  • Sentence Length
  • Toward a New Philosophy of Penal Justice: The Idea of Community Justice
  • Community Justice Strategies
  • Norms and Values
  • Targets: Schools, Jobs, and Housing
  • Discussion Questions
  • 30. The New Jim Crow*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 31. A Theory of African American Offending*
  • The Basic Premise of Our Theory of African American Offending
  • Racial Socialization and African American Offending
  • Our Theoretical Model of African American Offending
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 3 Choice, Opportunity, and Crime
  • Part X Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories
  • References
  • 32. Reconceptualizing Deterrence Theory*
  • Distinguishing General and Specific Deterrence
  • Direct and Indirect Experience with Punishment
  • A Reconceptualization
  • Conclusions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 33. Crime as a Rational Choice*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 34. Broken Windows*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 35. Procedural Justice Theory*
  • Legitimacy
  • Enhancing Police Legitimacy: The Influence of Procedural Justice
  • What Is Procedural Justice?
  • Ethnic Group Differences
  • The Idea of a Law-abiding Society
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part XI Environmental Criminology: Situational Opportunity Theories
  • References
  • 36. Routine Activity Theory*
  • The Minimal Elements of Direct-Contact Predatory Violations
  • The Ecological Nature of Illegal Acts
  • Microlevel Assumptions of the Routine Activity Approach
  • Empirical Assessment
  • Circumstances and Location of Offenses
  • Target Suitability
  • Family Activities and Crime Rates
  • Changing Trends in Routine Activity Structure and Parallel Trends in Crime Rates
  • Trends in Human Activity Patterns
  • Related Property Trends and Their Relation to Human Activity Patterns
  • Related Trends in Business Establishments
  • Composition of Crime Trends
  • The Relationship of the Household Activity Ratio to Five Annual Official Index Crime Rates in the United States, 1947–1974
  • Findings
  • Discussion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 37. The Theory of Target Search*
  • Crime Pattern Theory
  • Fundamental Assumptions of Crime Pattern Theory
  • Factors that Structure Criminal Opportunities and Events
  • The Theory of Target Search
  • Proximity Events
  • Opportunistic Discoveries
  • Information-Led Target Searches
  • Purposive Target Searches
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 38. Place Management Theory*
  • What is a place?
  • Why Proprietary Places Matter
  • How Managers Influence Crime at Places
  • Levels of Place Management
  • Place Management Activities in High-Crime Places
  • The Process of Place Management
  • How Management Decisions Create or Suppress Crime Opportunities
  • New Directions for Place-Crime Theory
  • Appendix A—Glossary of Crime-Place Terms and Concepts
  • Discussion Questions
  • 39. Multilevel Criminal Opportunity*
  • Theories of Criminal Opportunity
  • General Multilevel Opportunity Theory: Theoretical Propositions
  • Implications
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 4 Development and Crime Across The Life Course
  • Part XII Growing Up Criminal: Trait and Biosocial Theories
  • References
  • 40. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency*
  • Need for Eclectic Approach to Study of Crime Causation
  • Dynamic Pattern of Delinquency
  • Factors with Probable Causal Significance
  • Physique
  • Temperamental Traits and Emotional Dynamics
  • Intellectual Traits
  • Behavior Reflecting Significant Traits
  • School Attainment
  • School Misbehavior
  • General Misbehavior Tendencies
  • Leisure Time and Companions
  • Socio-Cultural Factors
  • The Causal Complex
  • Discussion Questions
  • 41. Biological Explanations of Criminal Behavior*
  • Psychophysiology
  • Brain
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Striatum
  • Genetics
  • Interactions Between Biological Factors
  • Implications
  • Discussion Questions
  • 42. Personality and Crime: Are Some People Crime Prone?*
  • Personality and Crime
  • Methodological Problems in Linking Personality to Crime
  • Measurement of Personality
  • Measurement of Delinquency
  • Sampling
  • Study 1: Personality and Crime Among Males and Females: Evidence From a New Zealand Birth Cohort
  • Measurement of Personality
  • Results
  • Higher-Order Personality Factors and Delinquency
  • Study 2: Personality and Crime Among Blacks and Whites: Evidence from an American Metropolis
  • Method
  • Measurement of Personality
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • How Might Negative Emotionality and Constraint Lead to Crime?
  • What Are the Origins of Negative Emotionality and Constraint?
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part XIII Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories
  • References
  • 43. Pathways in the Life Course to Crime*
  • Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior
  • Continuity of Antisocial Behavior Defined
  • Beginnings: Neuropsychological Risk for Difficult Temperament and Behavioral Problems
  • Maintenance and Elaboration over the Life Course: Cumulative Continuity, Contemporary Continuity, and Narrowing Options for Change
  • The Reason for Persistence: Traits, Environments, and Developmental Processes
  • Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Behavior
  • Discontinuity: The Most Common Course of Antisocial Behavior
  • Beginnings: Motivation, Mimicry, and Reinforcement
  • Why Doesn’t Every Teenager Become Delinquent?
  • Desistance from Crime: Adolescence-Limiteds Are Responsive to Shifting Reinforcement Contingencies
  • Note
  • Discussion Questions
  • 44. A Theory of Persistent Offending and Desistance from Crime*
  • Desistance by Default
  • (De)Connectivity and Marginality
  • Will: The Power of Human Agency
  • Implications for Developmental Criminology
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 45. The Feared Self: An Identity Theory of Desistance*
  • The Working Self and the Possible Self
  • The Crystallization of Discontent
  • Supports for Self-Change
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 5 Contemporary Criminology
  • Part XIV Pulling It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime
  • References
  • 46. Social Development Model*
  • Theoretical Background
  • SDM-Inspired Interventions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 47. Situational Action Theory*
  • Situational Action Theory
  • Crime as Moral Action
  • The Importance of Rules and Rule Guidance
  • The Situational Mechanism
  • Two Kinds of Agency: Deliberation and Habit
  • The Role of Motivation: A Necessary but Not Sufficient Cause of Moral Action
  • Person and Propensity
  • Environment and Exposure
  • The Importance of Causal Interaction: Propensity and Exposure
  • The Principle of Moral Correspondence and the Role of Controls
  • The Role of Development and Change
  • The Role of Broader Social Conditions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 48. Climate Change and Crime*
  • Climate Change and Its Effects
  • The Nature of Climate Change
  • The Effects of Climate Change
  • The Size and Timing of These Effects
  • The Distribution of These Effects
  • The Impact of Climate Change on Crime
  • Climate Change as a Source of Strain
  • Climate-Related Strains
  • Lower Social Control and Increased Social Disorganization
  • Lower Levels of Conventional Social Support
  • Beliefs and Values Favorable to Crime
  • Individual Traits Conducive to Crime
  • Opportunities for Crime
  • Increased Social Conflict
  • A Model of Climate Change and Crime
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part XV Positive Criminology
  • References
  • 49. Social Support and Crime*
  • What Is Social Support?
  • The Ecology of Social Support
  • Support and Crime
  • Support and Control
  • Good Criminology and the Good Society
  • Discussion Questions
  • 50. Social Concern and Crime*
  • The Dominance of Self-Interest in Criminology
  • Nature of Self-Interest
  • Self-Interest and the Causes and Control of Crime
  • The Nature and Determinants of Social Concern
  • Relationship Between Social Concern and Self-Control
  • Individual, Sociodemographic, and Circumstantial Variation in Social Concern
  • Evidence for Natural Social Concern
  • The Effect of Environmental Factors on Social Concern
  • A Theory of Social Concern and Crime
  • Effects of Social Concern on Crime
  • Research on These Propositions
  • Circumstantial Variation in the Effects of Social Concern
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • Images
  • 4. Systemic Control and Crime*
  • 6. Legal Cynicism and Crime*
  • 9. A Social Learning Theory of Crime*
  • 19. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration*
  • 29. Imprisoning Communities: Coerced Mobility Theory*
  • 31. A Theory of African American Offending*
  • 33. Crime as a Rational Choice*
  • 38. Place Management Theory*
  • 43. Pathways in the Life Course to Crime*
  • 46. Social Development Model*
  • 47. Situational Action Theory*
  • 48. Climate Change and Crime*