Criminological Theory: Past to Present

Höfundar: Francis T. Cullen; Robert Agnew; Pamela Wilcox (Útgáfa: 7)
Criminological Theory: Past to Present

Kaup valmöguleikar

Criminological Theory: Past to Present by Francis T. Cullen, Roben Agnew, and Pamela Wilcox is a comprehensive and authoritative reader for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in criminological theory. An Introduction precedes each Part, as well as each individual reading, situating the book's selections within the historical development of criminological theory as a discipline.

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Útgefandi
Oxford University Press Academic US
ISBN
9780197619339
Print ISBN
9780197619315
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Francis T. Cullen; Robert Agnew; Pamela Wilcox
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2021-11-15
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title page
  • Copyright page
  • Dedication
  • About the Editors
  • Acknowledgments
  • Changes Made in the Seventh Edition
  • Instructor’s Guide
  • Contents
  • Introduction Understanding Criminological Theory: A Guide for Readers
  • How to Use This Book
  • Central Theme: Past to Present
  • Keeping Theories Straight
  • How Criminological Theory Developed
  • Section 1. The Rise and Growth of American Criminology
  • Section 2. Rethinking Criminology
  • Section 3. Choice, Opportunity, and Crime
  • Section 4. Development and Crime Across the Life Course
  • Section 5. Contemporary Criminology
  • The Criminological Adventure Begins
  • Section 1 The Rise and Growth of American Criminology
  • Part I The Origins of Modern Criminology
  • References
  • 1. An Essay on Crimes and Punishments*
  • Of the Origin of Punishment
  • Of the Interpretation of Laws
  • Of the Obscurity of Laws
  • Of the Proportion Between Crimes and Punishments
  • Of the Intent of Punishments
  • Of the Advantage of Immediate Punishment
  • Of the Mildness of Punishments
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 2. The Criminal Man*
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part II The Chicago School: The City, Social Disorganization, and Crime
  • References
  • 3. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas*
  • Differential Systems of Values
  • Differential Social Organization
  • Discussion Questions
  • 4. Systemic Control and Crime*
  • Social Disorganization
  • The Original Shaw and McKay Thesis
  • The Systemic Implications of the Basic Social Disorganization Model
  • The Public Level of Systemic Crime Control
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 5. Collective Efficacy and Crime*
  • What Influences Collective Efficacy?
  • Research Design
  • Measure of Collective Efficacy
  • Discussion and Implications
  • Discussion Questions
  • 6. Legal Cynicism and Crime*
  • From Culture in Values to Cultural Frames
  • Legal Cynicism
  • Transmitting Legal Cynicism
  • The Consequences of Legal Cynicism
  • Conceptual Model
  • Data and Research Design
  • Variables
  • Discussion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part III Learning to Be a Criminal: Differential Association, Subcultural, and Social Learning Theories
  • References
  • 7. A Theory of Differential Association*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 8. White-Collar Criminality*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 9. A Social Learning Theory of Crime*
  • Development of the Theory
  • The Central Concepts and Propositions of Social Learning Theory
  • The Social Learning Process: Sequence and Feedback Effects
  • Social Structure and Social Learning
  • Empirical Validity of Social Learning Theory
  • Critiques and Research on Social Learning Variables
  • Akers’ Research on Social Learning Theory
  • Summary
  • Discussion Questions
  • 10. The Code of the Street*
  • Decent and Street Families
  • Campaigning for Respect
  • Self-Image Based on “Juice”
  • By Trial of Manhood
  • Girls and Boys
  • “Going for Bad”
  • An Oppositional Culture
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part IV Anomie/Strain Theories of Crime
  • References
  • 11. Social Structure and Anomie*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 12. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang*
  • Action Is Problem-Solving
  • How Subcultural Solutions Arise
  • Subcultural Solutions to Status Problems
  • Growing Up in a Class System
  • What the Delinquent Subculture Has to Offer
  • Discussion Questions
  • 13. Crime and the American Dream*
  • The Anomie Tendencies of the American Dream
  • The Institutional Dynamics of Crime
  • The Normal Functions of Social Institutions
  • The American Dream and the Institutional Balance of Power
  • Anomie, Weak Social Controls, and Crime
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 14. Pressured Into Crime: General Strain Theory*
  • What Are Strains?
  • Objective and Subjective Strains
  • Experienced, Vicarious, and Anticipated Strains
  • What Are the Characteristics of Those Types of Strains Most Likely to Cause Crime?
  • The Strain Is Seen as High in Magnitude
  • The Strain Is Seen as Unjust
  • The Strain Is Associated with Low Social Control
  • The Strain Creates Some Pressure or Incentive for Criminal Coping
  • What Specific Strains Are Most Likely to Cause Crime?
  • Why Do Strains Increase the Likelihood of Crime?
  • Strains Lead to Negative Emotions
  • Strains Lead to the Personality Traits of Negative Emotionality and Low Constraint
  • Strains May Reduce Levels of Social Control
  • Strains May Foster the Social Learning of Crime
  • Why Are Some People More Likely Than Others to Cope with Strains Through Crime?
  • Individuals Lack the Ability to Cope with Strains in a Legal Manner
  • The Costs of Criminal Coping Are Low
  • Individuals Are Disposed to Crime
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part V Varieties of Control Theory
  • References
  • 15. Techniques of Neutralization*
  • The Denial of Responsibility
  • The Denial of Injury
  • The Denial of Victim
  • The Condemnation of the Condemners
  • The Appeal to Higher Loyalties
  • Discussion Questions
  • 16. Social Bond Theory*
  • Elements of the Bond
  • Attachment
  • Commitment
  • Involvement
  • Belief
  • Where Is the Motivation?
  • Discussion Questions
  • 17. A General Theory of Crime*
  • Self-Control and Alternative Concepts
  • The Elements of Self-Control
  • The Many Manifestations of Low Self-Control
  • The Causes of Self-Control
  • Child-Rearing and Self-Control: The Family
  • The Attachment of the Parent to the Child
  • Parental Supervision
  • Recognition of Deviant Behavior
  • Punishment of Deviant Acts
  • Parental Criminality
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 2 Rethinking Criminology
  • Part VI Labeling Theory: Societal Reaction and the Creation of Criminals
  • References
  • 18. The Saints and the Roughnecks*
  • The Saints
  • The Saints on Weekends
  • The Saints in School
  • The Police and the Saints
  • The Roughnecks
  • Two Questions
  • Adult Careers of the Saints and the Roughnecks
  • Reinforcement
  • Discussion Questions
  • 19. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration*
  • Preventing Crime
  • The Theory of Reintegrative Shaming
  • Key Concepts
  • Short Summary of the Theory
  • Shunting the Colliding Locomotives of Criminological Theory
  • Discussion Questions
  • 20. Making Good*
  • Condemnation Scripts
  • Redemption Scripts
  • The “Real Me”
  • Tragic Optimism: Making “Good from the Bad”
  • Finding One’s Purpose
  • Recognizing Redemption
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part VII Critical Criminology: Power, Peace, and Crime
  • References
  • 21. Criminality and Economic Conditions*
  • Capitalism, Egoism, and Crime
  • The Proletariat
  • The Lower Proletariat
  • Conclusions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 22. Crime in a Market Society*
  • The Idea of Market Society
  • Market Society and Violent Crime
  • The Future
  • Discussion Questions
  • 23. The Concept and Theory of State-Corporate Crime*
  • The Creation of the Concept of State-Corporate Crime
  • State-Initiated and State-Facilitated Corporate Crime
  • Toward The Development of A Theory of State-Corporate Crime
  • Research on State-Corporate Crime
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part VIII Feminist Theories: Gender, Power, and Crime
  • References
  • 24. Sisters in Crime*
  • Social Differences
  • Female Passivity: Genetic Fact or Cultural Myth?
  • Gender Equality and Crime
  • Discussion Questions
  • 25. A Feminist Theory of Female Delinquency*
  • Toward a Feminist Theory of Delinquency
  • Criminalizing Girls’ Survival
  • Female Delinquency, Patriarchal Authority, and Family Courts
  • Discussion Questions
  • 26. Masculinities and Crime*
  • Gendered Social Action and Crime
  • Social Structures, Masculinities, and Crime in Youth Groups
  • White, Middle-Class Boys
  • Accommodating and Opposition Masculinities
  • School Success, Masculinity, and Youth Crime
  • White, Working-Class Boys
  • “The Lads” and the “Ear’oles”
  • Outside the School
  • Lower-Working-Class, Racial-Minority Boys
  • Opposition in School
  • Opposition Outside School
  • Discussion Questions
  • 27. Getting Played*
  • Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Violence Against Women
  • Witnessing Physical Violence Against Women
  • Sexual Harassment in Neighborhoods
  • Sexual Assault and Coercion in Neighborhoods
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part IX How Black Lives Matter: Theoretical Developments
  • References
  • 28. A Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality*
  • The Community Structure of Race and Crime
  • The Ecological Concentration of Race and Social Dislocations
  • The Structure of Social (Dis)organization
  • Social Isolation and Community Culture
  • Discussion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 29. Imprisoning Communities: Coerced Mobility Theory*
  • Incarceration and Crime
  • Black Males
  • Damage to Communities
  • The Lack of Strategic Options
  • Communities, Coercive Mobility, and Public Safety
  • A Framework for Identifying the Community Effects of Concentrated Incarceration
  • Familial Systems
  • Economic Systems
  • Political Systems
  • The Impact of Incarceration on Community Safety
  • The Obvious Need: Sentencing Reform
  • The Number of Entries and Their Length of Stay Fully Determine the Prison Population
  • Mandatory Sentencing
  • Sentence Length
  • Toward a New Philosophy of Penal Justice: The Idea of Community Justice
  • Community Justice Strategies
  • Norms and Values
  • Targets: Schools, Jobs, and Housing
  • Discussion Questions
  • 30. The New Jim Crow*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 31. A Theory of African American Offending*
  • The Basic Premise of Our Theory of African American Offending
  • Racial Socialization and African American Offending
  • Our Theoretical Model of African American Offending
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 3 Choice, Opportunity, and Crime
  • Part X Reviving Classical Theory: Deterrence and Rational Choice Theories
  • References
  • 32. Reconceptualizing Deterrence Theory*
  • Distinguishing General and Specific Deterrence
  • Direct and Indirect Experience with Punishment
  • A Reconceptualization
  • Conclusions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 33. Crime as a Rational Choice*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 34. Broken Windows*
  • Discussion Questions
  • 35. Procedural Justice Theory*
  • Legitimacy
  • Enhancing Police Legitimacy: The Influence of Procedural Justice
  • What Is Procedural Justice?
  • Ethnic Group Differences
  • The Idea of a Law-abiding Society
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part XI Environmental Criminology: Situational Opportunity Theories
  • References
  • 36. Routine Activity Theory*
  • The Minimal Elements of Direct-Contact Predatory Violations
  • The Ecological Nature of Illegal Acts
  • Microlevel Assumptions of the Routine Activity Approach
  • Empirical Assessment
  • Circumstances and Location of Offenses
  • Target Suitability
  • Family Activities and Crime Rates
  • Changing Trends in Routine Activity Structure and Parallel Trends in Crime Rates
  • Trends in Human Activity Patterns
  • Related Property Trends and Their Relation to Human Activity Patterns
  • Related Trends in Business Establishments
  • Composition of Crime Trends
  • The Relationship of the Household Activity Ratio to Five Annual Official Index Crime Rates in the United States, 1947–1974
  • Findings
  • Discussion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 37. The Theory of Target Search*
  • Crime Pattern Theory
  • Fundamental Assumptions of Crime Pattern Theory
  • Factors that Structure Criminal Opportunities and Events
  • The Theory of Target Search
  • Proximity Events
  • Opportunistic Discoveries
  • Information-Led Target Searches
  • Purposive Target Searches
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 38. Place Management Theory*
  • What is a place?
  • Why Proprietary Places Matter
  • How Managers Influence Crime at Places
  • Levels of Place Management
  • Place Management Activities in High-Crime Places
  • The Process of Place Management
  • How Management Decisions Create or Suppress Crime Opportunities
  • New Directions for Place-Crime Theory
  • Appendix A—Glossary of Crime-Place Terms and Concepts
  • Discussion Questions
  • 39. Multilevel Criminal Opportunity*
  • Theories of Criminal Opportunity
  • General Multilevel Opportunity Theory: Theoretical Propositions
  • Implications
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 4 Development and Crime Across The Life Course
  • Part XII Growing Up Criminal: Trait and Biosocial Theories
  • References
  • 40. Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency*
  • Need for Eclectic Approach to Study of Crime Causation
  • Dynamic Pattern of Delinquency
  • Factors with Probable Causal Significance
  • Physique
  • Temperamental Traits and Emotional Dynamics
  • Intellectual Traits
  • Behavior Reflecting Significant Traits
  • School Attainment
  • School Misbehavior
  • General Misbehavior Tendencies
  • Leisure Time and Companions
  • Socio-Cultural Factors
  • The Causal Complex
  • Discussion Questions
  • 41. Biological Explanations of Criminal Behavior*
  • Psychophysiology
  • Brain
  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Striatum
  • Genetics
  • Interactions Between Biological Factors
  • Implications
  • Discussion Questions
  • 42. Personality and Crime: Are Some People Crime Prone?*
  • Personality and Crime
  • Methodological Problems in Linking Personality to Crime
  • Measurement of Personality
  • Measurement of Delinquency
  • Sampling
  • Study 1: Personality and Crime Among Males and Females: Evidence From a New Zealand Birth Cohort
  • Measurement of Personality
  • Results
  • Higher-Order Personality Factors and Delinquency
  • Study 2: Personality and Crime Among Blacks and Whites: Evidence from an American Metropolis
  • Method
  • Measurement of Personality
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • How Might Negative Emotionality and Constraint Lead to Crime?
  • What Are the Origins of Negative Emotionality and Constraint?
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part XIII Getting Into and Out of Crime: Life-Course Theories
  • References
  • 43. Pathways in the Life Course to Crime*
  • Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior
  • Continuity of Antisocial Behavior Defined
  • Beginnings: Neuropsychological Risk for Difficult Temperament and Behavioral Problems
  • Maintenance and Elaboration over the Life Course: Cumulative Continuity, Contemporary Continuity, and Narrowing Options for Change
  • The Reason for Persistence: Traits, Environments, and Developmental Processes
  • Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Behavior
  • Discontinuity: The Most Common Course of Antisocial Behavior
  • Beginnings: Motivation, Mimicry, and Reinforcement
  • Why Doesn’t Every Teenager Become Delinquent?
  • Desistance from Crime: Adolescence-Limiteds Are Responsive to Shifting Reinforcement Contingencies
  • Note
  • Discussion Questions
  • 44. A Theory of Persistent Offending and Desistance from Crime*
  • Desistance by Default
  • (De)Connectivity and Marginality
  • Will: The Power of Human Agency
  • Implications for Developmental Criminology
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • 45. The Feared Self: An Identity Theory of Desistance*
  • The Working Self and the Possible Self
  • The Crystallization of Discontent
  • Supports for Self-Change
  • Discussion Questions
  • Section 5 Contemporary Criminology
  • Part XIV Pulling It All Together: Integrated Theories of Crime
  • References
  • 46. Social Development Model*
  • Theoretical Background
  • SDM-Inspired Interventions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 47. Situational Action Theory*
  • Situational Action Theory
  • Crime as Moral Action
  • The Importance of Rules and Rule Guidance
  • The Situational Mechanism
  • Two Kinds of Agency: Deliberation and Habit
  • The Role of Motivation: A Necessary but Not Sufficient Cause of Moral Action
  • Person and Propensity
  • Environment and Exposure
  • The Importance of Causal Interaction: Propensity and Exposure
  • The Principle of Moral Correspondence and the Role of Controls
  • The Role of Development and Change
  • The Role of Broader Social Conditions
  • Discussion Questions
  • 48. Climate Change and Crime*
  • Climate Change and Its Effects
  • The Nature of Climate Change
  • The Effects of Climate Change
  • The Size and Timing of These Effects
  • The Distribution of These Effects
  • The Impact of Climate Change on Crime
  • Climate Change as a Source of Strain
  • Climate-Related Strains
  • Lower Social Control and Increased Social Disorganization
  • Lower Levels of Conventional Social Support
  • Beliefs and Values Favorable to Crime
  • Individual Traits Conducive to Crime
  • Opportunities for Crime
  • Increased Social Conflict
  • A Model of Climate Change and Crime
  • Discussion Questions
  • Part XV Positive Criminology
  • References
  • 49. Social Support and Crime*
  • What Is Social Support?
  • The Ecology of Social Support
  • Support and Crime
  • Support and Control
  • Good Criminology and the Good Society
  • Discussion Questions
  • 50. Social Concern and Crime*
  • The Dominance of Self-Interest in Criminology
  • Nature of Self-Interest
  • Self-Interest and the Causes and Control of Crime
  • The Nature and Determinants of Social Concern
  • Relationship Between Social Concern and Self-Control
  • Individual, Sociodemographic, and Circumstantial Variation in Social Concern
  • Evidence for Natural Social Concern
  • The Effect of Environmental Factors on Social Concern
  • A Theory of Social Concern and Crime
  • Effects of Social Concern on Crime
  • Research on These Propositions
  • Circumstantial Variation in the Effects of Social Concern
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion Questions
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • Images
  • 4. Systemic Control and Crime*
  • 6. Legal Cynicism and Crime*
  • 9. A Social Learning Theory of Crime*
  • 19. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration*
  • 29. Imprisoning Communities: Coerced Mobility Theory*
  • 31. A Theory of African American Offending*
  • 33. Crime as a Rational Choice*
  • 38. Place Management Theory*
  • 43. Pathways in the Life Course to Crime*
  • 46. Social Development Model*
  • 47. Situational Action Theory*
  • 48. Climate Change and Crime*