Contemporary Financial Intermediation
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Contemporary Financial Intermediation, Fifth Edition offers a distinctive approach to the study of financial markets and institutions by presenting an integrated portrait that puts information and economic reasoning at the core. The book explores the implications of the information technology revolution that characterizes the financial services industry with digitization and fintech as important manifestations.
Sections explore the subtlety, plasticity, and fragility of financial institutions and credit markets, and the ramifications for risk management (including cyber risk). This textbook demands more in terms of quantitative skills and analysis, but its ability to teach about the forces shaping the financial world is unmatched. For the financial sector, the best preprofessional training explains the reasons why markets, institutions, and regulators evolve the way they do, why we suffer recurring financial crises, how we typically react to them, and how digitization and fintech will affect financial services and the industry at large.
This book provides students with a complete foundation on the subject, presenting a strong basis for learning and understanding key challenges surrounding the management and operations of financial institutions and their competitive environment. • Offers a full grounding in the study of financial markets and institutions, building on coreeconomic insights• Adopts an applied, integrated approach and is fully updated for recent developments in the field• Focuses on key challenges for executives and regulators• Accompanied by an online instructor’s manual, lecture slides, and test bank to reinforce understanding.
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- Elsevier S & T
- 9780443274725
- 9780443274718
- ePub
- 5
- Stuart I. Greenbaum; Anjan V. Thakor; Arnoud W. A. Boot
- English
- 2026-05-24
- 10
- 2
- 2
Kaflar
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- Pedagogy
- Organization
- Supplementary Materials
- Instructor’s Manual/Test Bank/Transparency Master
- About the Authors
- Stuart I. Greenbaum
- Anjan V. Thakor
- Arnoud W.A. Boot
- Part I. The Background
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- Economic Growth and Financial Development
- More Intricacies of Financial Development
- Organization of the Chapters
- Learning Experience
- Part II. What Is Financial Intermediation?
- Chapter 2. The Nature and Variety of Financial Intermediation
- Introduction
- What Are Financial Intermediaries?
- Definition
- Why do we have FIs?
- The brokerage function of FIs
- Precontract informational asymmetry and brokerage
- Adverse selection and brokerage
- Duplicated screening, information reusability, and brokerage
- Some further thoughts on the power of information reusability and the value of brokerage
- Postcontract informational asymmetry and brokerage
- Qualitative asset transformation
- QAT and risk
- The Variety of Financial Intermediaries
- Depository Financial Intermediaries
- Commercial banks
- Savings institutions (thrifts)
- Credit unions
- Investment Banks: Key Nondepository Intermediaries in the Capital Market
- Separation Between Investment Banks and Commercial Banks Undone
- Separation of investment banking activities
- Other Nondepository Intermediaries
- Venture capitalists
- Finance companies
- Insurance companies
- Pensions
- Mutual funds
- Hedge funds
- Fintech
- Credit-Rating Agencies
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Chapter 3. The What, How, and Why of Financial Intermediaries
- Introduction
- Banks, Money Creation, and the Origins of Banking
- Banks do much more than create private money: They reduce losses due to informational frictions
- How Does the Financial System Work?
- Overview
- The role of the financial system in promoting economic growth17
- The conceptual link between the financial system and economic growth
- The services the financial system provides and how they help economic growth
- An overview of how the financial system works
- Debt versus equity and use by consumers and businesses
- Individual/consumer financing
- Business Financing: Equity
- Internal equity financing
- External equity financing
- Intermediated equity capital
- Business Financing: Debt
- Nonmarket, intermediated, and direct debt
- Fintech platforms
- Private credit
- Fragility of the financial system
- Regulation as a stabilizing influence
- More on the central bank: Fiat money and the role of the government
- Government borrowing and the Federal Reserve
- The borrower’s choice of financing source
- The role of capital in bank financing
- Blurring distinctions between bank loans and capital market financing: Transaction and relationship loans
- Shadow banking
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Part III. Identification and Management of Major Banking Risks
- Chapter 4. Bank Risks
- Introduction
- Financial Intermediation and Risks
- Credit, Interest Rate, and Liquidity Risks
- Default, credit, or counterparty risk
- Interest rate risk
- Liquidity risk
- Operational risk, including cyber risk
- Enterprise Risk Management
- ERM and tail risks
- Overconfidence
- Anchoring (focalism)
- Groupthink
- Decision biases and discernibility
- Organizing for ERM
- The board
- Executive risk-management committee
- Office of the chief risk officer
- The communication triad
- Risk culture
- Risk register
- Risk appetite
- Other ERM innovations
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Chapter 5. Interest Rate Risk
- Introduction
- Two Sides of the Same Coin: Cash Flow and Market Value Perspectives on Interest Rate Risk
- The Term Structure of Interest Rates
- Review of fixed-income valuation
- The yield curve
- Yield curve determination under certainty
- The basic model
- The absence of arbitrage and the yield to maturity relationship
- Spot rates and forward rates
- The Lure of Interest Rate Risk and Its Potential Impact
- Duration
- The inappropriateness of maturity for coupon-paying bonds
- Duration is the answer
- Convexity
- Interest Rate Risk
- How interest rate risk can affect a financial institution’s net worth
- Why take on interest rate risk?
- Conclusion
- Case Study: Eggleston State Bank
- Introduction
- The meeting
- The numbers
- The assignment
- Review Questions
- Chapter 6. Liquidity Risk
- Introduction
- What, After All, Is Liquidity Risk?
- Maturity Mismatch as Root Cause of Liquidity Risk
- Bank-specific versus aggregate manifestations of liquidity risk
- Maturity mismatching, liquidity risk, and the interactions of risks
- Insolvency risk leading to a liquidity crunch
- Case study: The 2007–2009 global financial crisis10
- Interest rate risk leading to a liquidity crunch
- Case study 1: The savings and loan crisis
- Case study 2: Silicon Valley Bank
- The Management of Liquidity Risk
- Reducing liquidity risk by reducing maturity mismatch
- Reducing liquidity risk with liquid assets
- Reducing liquidity risk by dissipating withdrawal risk
- Reducing liquidity by preserving access to funding markets
- Reducing the liquidity risk of an individual bank with a lender of last resort
- The Difficulty of Distinguishing Between Liquidity and Insolvency Risks and the LLR’s Conundrum
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Part IV. "On Balance Sheet" Banking Activities
- Chapter 7. Spot Lending and Credit Risk
- Introduction
- Description of Bank Assets
- Trends in the composition of bank assets
- Types of bank loans
- Marketable securities held by banks
- What Is Lending?
- A definition
- Methods of acquiring loans
- The decomposition of the lending function
- The decomposition
- Industry specialization
- Loans Versus Securities
- Structure of Loan Agreements
- Trends in loan agreements
- Details of loan agreements
- Informational Problems in Loan Contracts and the Importance of Loan Performance
- Informational problems
- The importance of loan performance
- Loan portfolio diversification as a risk management tool
- Credit Analysis: The Factors
- Traditional factors considered in credit analysis
- Capacity
- Character
- Capital
- Sources of Credit Information
- Internal sources
- External sources
- Analysis of Financial Statements
- Evaluation of the balance sheet
- Assets
- Liabilities and net worth
- The income statement
- Loan Covenants
- Affirmative covenants
- Restrictive clauses
- Negative covenants
- Default provisions
- Other parameters of the loan agreement
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Chapter 8. Further Issues in Bank Lending
- Introduction
- Loan Pricing and Profit Margins: General Remarks
- Assessing profit margins
- Benchmark or reference lending rates
- Compensating balances
- The relationship between lending profit and default risk
- Credit Rationing
- Why is there credit rationing?
- Long-Term Bank-Borrower Relationships
- Long-term relationships and moral hazard
- Loan Restructuring and Default
- Types of financial distress
- Mild financial distress
- Moderate financial distress
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Chapter 9. Special Topics in Credit: Syndicated Loans, Loan Sales, and Project Finance
- Introduction
- Syndicated Lending
- What is syndicated lending?
- The market for syndicated loans
- The international syndicated loan market
- The pricing of syndicated loans
- What is a loan sale?
- Loan participation
- Choice between loan syndication and loan sales
- Loan syndication, loan sales, and moral hazard
- Project Finance
- What is project finance?
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Part V. Off The Bank’s Balance Sheet
- Chapter 10. Off-Balance Sheet Banking and Contingent Claims Products
- Introduction
- Loan Commitments: A Description
- Definition and pricing structure
- Uses of loan commitments
- Kinds of loan commitments
- How do bank loan commitments affect firms’ investments?
- A summary
- Rationale for Loan Commitments
- Supply-side explanations
- Regulatory taxes
- Contractual discretion and reputation
- Demand forecasting
- Scope efficiencies in the sale of loan commitments for deposit-financed banks
- Demand-side explanations
- Risk-sharing considerations14
- Moral hazard
- Who is Able to Borrow Under Bank Loan Commitments?
- Pricing of Loan Commitments
- The model
- The analogy between loan commitments and options
- The model
- Solution
- Empirical predictions of valuation model
- The Differences Between Loan Commitments and Put Options
- Loan Commitments and Monetary Policy
- Other Contingent Claims: Letters of Credit
- Commercial letters of credit and banker’s acceptances
- Standby letters of credit
- The optionlike feature of standby letters of credit
- Other Contingent Claims: Swaps
- What are swaps?
- How a swap works?
- Swaps and swap-related innovations
- Advantages and disadvantages of a swap as a hedging instrument
- Swap versus interest rate futures
- Swaps versus refinancing
- Other Contingent Claims: Credit Derivatives
- Risks for Banks in Contingent Claims
- An overview of risks
- Risks in loan commitments
- Risks in letters of credit
- Credit risk
- Documentation risk
- Political risk
- Risks in interest rate swaps
- Counterparty risk
- Legal risks
- Regulatory Issues
- Conclusion
- Case Study: Youngstown Bank
- Introduction
- The initial meeting
- The second meeting
- The numbers
- The assignment
- Review Questions
- Chapter 11. Securitization
- Introduction
- Preliminary Remarks on the Economic Motivation for Securitization and Loan Sales
- Decomposition of the lending function
- The traditional benefits of funding loans
- The erosion of funding benefits and the incentives for securitization and loan sales
- Different Types of Securitization Contracts
- Pass-throughs
- Static pool pass-throughs
- Dynamic pool pass-through structure
- Asset-backed bonds
- Pay-throughs
- Collateralized mortgage obligation
- Real estate mortgage investment conduits
- Securitization innovations
- Stripped securities
- Asset-backed commercial paper
- Securitization of other assets: CAR, CARD, intellectual property, and more
- Auto loans
- Credit cards
- Other tangible assets
- Securitization of intangibles such as intellectual property
- Going Beyond Preliminary Remarks on Economic Motivation: the “Why,” “What,” and “How Much is Enough” of Securitization
- Why?
- The supply side of securitization: Issuer’s prospective costs
- Issuer’s prospective benefits
- Strategic Issues for a Financial Institution Involved in Securitization
- Securitization as a balance sheet management tool
- Securitization as a pricing tool
- Securitization as a strategic weapon for market penetration and diversification
- Market penetration
- Diversification
- Strategic decisions and securitization structures
- Comparison of Loan Sales and Loan Securitization
- Conclusion
- Case Study: Lone Star Bank
- Introduction
- The initial meeting
- The second meeting
- The assignment
- Review Questions
- Part VI. The Funding of The Bank
- Chapter 12. The Deposit Contract, Deposit Insurance, and Shadow Banking
- Introduction
- The Deposit Contract
- The nature of the deposit contract
- Debt contract
- Maturity
- Nontraded contract
- The sequential service constraint
- The demand deposit contract and economic incentives
- The effects of nontradability and the debtlike nature of deposits
- The effect of maturity
- The role of the SSC
- Liability Management
- What is liability management?
- Diversification
- Liability mix
- The duration structure
- Deposit Insurance
- The rationale for deposit insurance: a historical perspective
- The need for deposit insurance
- Historical background
- Reasons for federal deposit insurance
- Banking runs and panics: Theories and the empirical evidence
- The “sunspots” theory of bank runs
- The Great Deposit Insurance Debacle
- General background
- Regulatory and political culpability
- Banking fragility, deposit insurance, and developments since the great deposit insurance debacle
- Funding in the Shadow-Banking Sector
- Growth of shadow banking
- The funding process: How it works
- The role of commercial banks in shadow banking
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Chapter 13. Bank Capital Structure
- Introduction
- Does the M&M Theorem Apply to Banks? Dispelling Some Fallacies
- Theories of Bank Capital Structure
- Theory 1: High leverage in banking is essential
- Theory 2: Banks need to have more capital
- Empirical Evidence on Bank Capital, Bank Lending, and Bank Value
- Why Then Do Banks Display a Preference for High Leverage?
- Bank Capital and Regulation
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Part VII. Financial Crises
- Chapter 14. The 2007–2009 Financial Crisis and Other Financial Crises
- Introduction
- What Happened
- Cause and Effect: The Causes of the Crisis and Its Real Effects
- External factors
- Political factors
- Growth of securitization and the originate-to-distribute model
- Financial innovation
- US monetary policy
- Global economic developments
- Misaligned incentives
- Success-driven skill inferences
- Housing prices
- Leverage and consumption
- Risky lending and screening
- The bubble bursts
- Liquidity shrinks in response to insolvency concerns
- The real effects of the crisis
- Credit demand effects
- Credit supply effects
- Reduction in corporate investment and increase in unemployment
- The Policy Responses to the Crisis
- Expansion of traditional role of central bank as lender of last resort
- Provision of liquidity directly to borrowers and investors in key credit markets
- Expansion of open market operations
- Initiatives designed to address insolvency concerns and counterparty risk
- Assessment of policy initiatives
- The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Effect On the Financial System
- Financial Crises in Other Countries and Regulatory Interventions
- Sweden
- Latvia
- Argentina
- What Do We Learn From Our Collective Experience With Financial Crises Over the Centuries?
- Conclusion
- Part VIII. Bank Regulation
- Chapter 15. Objectives of Bank Regulation
- Introduction
- The Essence of Bank Regulation
- The governmental safety net and moral hazard
- Regulatory response to moral hazard
- Incentives of regulators matter
- The Agencies of Bank Regulation
- The regulatory landscape in the United States
- Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
- The Federal Reserve System
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- Financial Stability Oversight Council
- Office of Financial Research
- Other federal agencies that regulate banks
- The regulatory landscape in Japan
- The regulatory landscape in the United Kingdom
- The regulatory landscape in the European Union
- International coordination
- Safety and Soundness Regulation
- Regulatory monitoring
- Capital requirements
- Basel I Capital Accord
- Basel II Capital Accord
- Basel III Capital Accord
- Stability: Macroprudential Regulation
- Higher loss absorbency requirement
- Leverage ratio and liquidity regulation
- Other measures
- Market Structure, Consumer Protection, Credit Allocation, and Monetary Control Regulation
- Market structure and competition
- Charter and branching restrictions
- Competition policy
- Other measures to influence competition
- Consumer protection regulation
- Credit allocation regulation
- Monetary control regulation
- Legal reserve requirements
- Discount window
- Moral suasion
- Unconventional monetary policy tools during the 2007–2009 GFC
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Chapter 16. Milestones in Banking Legislation and Regulatory Reform
- Introduction
- MIlestones of Banking Legislation
- Early bank regulation
- 18th- and 19th-century banking
- First and second banks of the United States
- National Bank Act of 1864
- Federal Reserve Act
- Legislation during 1920–1980
- McFadden Act of 1927
- Glass-Steagall Act of 1933
- Banking during 1940–1980
- Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the Douglas Amendments of 1970
- International Banking Act of 1978
- Problems of the thrift industry
- Legislation of the 1980s
- Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980
- Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982
- Financial Institutions, Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989
- The 1991 FDICIA and Beyond
- Bank regulation
- Deposit insurance
- FDIC funding
- The discount window
- Corporate governance of banks
- Foreign banks and foreign deposits
- Accounting reforms
- Restrictions on state bank powers
- Consumer provisions
- Miscellaneous provisions
- An evaluation of FDICIA10
- The Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999
- The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- Title I: Financial Stability
- Title II: Orderly Liquidation Authority
- Title VI: Improvements to regulation of bank and savings association holding companies and depository institutions
- Title VII: Wall street transparency and accountability
- Title IX: Investor protections and improvements to the regulation of securities
- Title X: Bureau of consumer financial protection
- Title XI: Federal reserve system provisions
- Title XII: Improving access to mainstream financial institutions
- Amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act
- EU Regulatory and Supervisory Overhaul and the De LarosiÉre Report
- Other EU directives
- Structural reform proposals
- United Kingdom: Vickers Report
- European Union: Liikanen Report
- Conclusion
- Review Questions
- Part IX. Future
- Chapter 17. The Future
- Introduction
- Change Drivers
- Regulation
- Global systemic risk and interconnectedness
- Complexity of regulations
- Social and political agendas
- Fiduciary and privacy concerns
- Technology
- Customer preferences
- Interrelationships among drivers for change
- Initiatives That Are Changing the Landscape
- Fintech and the banking industry
- Payments
- Online platforms, BigTech, and disaggregation
- Marketplace lending
- Partner or perish?
- Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies
- Blockchain (distributed ledger technology)
- Central bank digital currency
- Are Banks Doomed?
- Banks have advantages
- Size of banks and the financial sector
- Conclusion
- Part X. Concepts
- Chapter 18. Basic Concepts
- Introduction
- Risk Preferences
- Selected applications
- Diversification
- Riskless Arbitrage
- Options and Derivative Securities
- Selected applications
- Market Completeness
- Selected applications
- Asymmetric Information and Signaling
- Agency and Moral Hazard
- Time Consistency
- Selected applications
- Nash Equilibrium
- Revision of Beliefs and Bayes Rule
- Systemic Risk
- Selected applications
- Disagreement
- Selected applications
- Mark-To-Market Accounting
- Selected applications
- Index