Cognitive Linguistics

Name: Cognitive Linguistics
Price: 5540 ISK
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Author: Vyvyan Evans
ISBN: 9781474405249

Höfundur: Vyvyan Evans (Útgáfa: 2)

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Útgefandi: Edinburgh University Press

ISBN: 9781474405249

Print ISBN: 9781474405225

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 2

Höfundar: Vyvyan Evans

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2019-05-12

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Flokkar: Tungumál og málvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Málvísindi › Almennt

Kaflar

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
Abbreviations
Part I The cognitive linguistics enterprise
1 What do cognitive linguists study?
1 What is language for?
1.1 The symbolic function of language
1.2 The interactive function of language
2 The systematic structure of language
2.1 Evidence for a system
2.2 The systematic structure of thought
3 What do cognitive linguists do?
3.1 What?
3.2 Why?
3.3 How?
3.4 Speaker intuitions
3.5 Converging evidence
4 What it means to know a language (from the perspective of cognitive linguistics)
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
2 Key commitments and research methods
1 Two key commitments
2 The Generalisation Commitment
2.1 Categorisation
2.2 Polysemy
2.3 Metaphor
3 The Cognitive Commitment
3.1 Attention: profiling in language
3.2 Categorisation: fuzzy categories
3.3 Metaphor
4 Research methods
4.1 Phenomena studied by cognitive linguistics
4.2 Research methods in cognitive linguistics
5 The field of cognitive linguistics
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
3 Foundations of experience I: space
1 Spatial perception
1.1 Three stages of perception
1.2 Percepts versus concepts
1.3 Types of perceptual experience
1.4 How do percepts arise?
1.5 Bottom-up theories
1.6 Top-down theories: form perception
2 Linguistic reflexes of perceptual experience
2.1 ‘What’ versus ‘where’ systems in perception and language
2.2 Figure–ground segregation in perception and language
3 Spatial representation in language
3.1 The nature of spatial schemas
3.2 The functional nature of spatial schemas
3.3 Spatial frames of reference
4 Cross-linguistic variation in the representation of space
4.1 Categorising spatial scenes in English and Korean
4.2 S-FoRs in Guugu Yimithirr
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
4 Foundations of experience II: time
1 Temporal perception
1.1 The subjective reality of time
1.2 Facets of temporal experience
2 Linguistic representations for time
2.1 The spatialisation of time
2.2 Lexical concepts for time
2.3 Temporal frames of reference
3 Cross-linguistic patterns in the conceptualisation of time
3.1 The past and future in Aymara
3.2 Earlier and later in Mandarin
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
5 Language in use I: knowledge of language
1 Language in use
1.1 A usage event
1.2 The relationship between usage and linguistic structure
1.3 Comprehension and production
1.4 Context
1.5 Frequency
2 Cognitive Grammar
2.1 Abstraction, schematisation and language use
2.2 Schemas and their instantiations
2.3 Partial sanction
2.4 The non-reductive nature of schemas
2.5 Frequency in schema formation
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
6 Language in use II: language change, and acquisition
1 A usage-based approach to language change
1.1 Historical linguistics and language change
1.2 The utterance selection theory of language change
1.3 The generalised theory of selection and the theory of utterance selection
1.4 Causal mechanisms for language change
1.5 Causal mechanisms of language stability and change
2 The usage-based approach to language acquisition
2.1 Empirical findings in language acquisition
2.2 The cognitive view: sociocognitive mechanisms in language acquisition
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
7 Key topics in language science: formal versus cognitive linguistics
1 Language origins and time depth
1.1 The received view of human evolution
1.2 How old is language?
1.3 What motivated the rise of language?
1.4 Stages in language evolution
2 Language universals
2.1 The Universal Grammar approach
2.2 The cognitive linguistics approach
3 Language acquisition
3.1 The rise of the nativist approach to L1 acquisition
3.2 The cognitive linguistics critique
4 Modularity of mind
4.1 Double dissociations
4.2 Localisation of language
4.3 The cognitive linguistics critique
5 Semantic universals
5.1 The semantic decomposition approach
5.2 The cognitive linguistics critique
6 Language and thought
6.1 Strong versus weak versions of linguistic relativity
6.2 The cognitive linguistics perspective
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
Part II Conceptual Structure
8 What is a cognitive linguistics approach to conceptual structure?
1 Guiding principles
1.1 Conceptual structure is embodied
1.2 Semantic structure reflects conceptual structure
2 Comparing and contrasting approaches to conceptual structure
2.1 Two views of concepts and the mind
2.2 The symbol grounding problem
2.3 Evidence for the embodied cognition perspective
2.4 Experiential realism
3 Embodiment effects in semantic structure
3.1 Types of embodiment effects
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
9 Image schemas and the origin of concepts
1 The origin of concepts
1.1 Perceptual meaning analysis
1.2 The nature of a child’s first concepts
1.3 The embodied basis of conceptual structure
2 Image schema theory
2.1 What is an image schema?
2.2 An example
3 Properties of image schemas
3.1 Image schemas are pre-conceptual in origin
3.2 An image schema can give rise to more specific concepts
3.3 Image schemas derive from interaction with and observation of the world
3.4 Image schemas are inherently meaningful
3.5 Image schemas are analogue representations
3.6 Image schemas can be internally complex
3.7 Image schemas are not the same as mental images
3.8 Image schemas are multimodal
3.9 Image schemas are subject to transformations
3.10 Image schemas can occur in clusters
3.11 Image schemas underlie linguistic meaning
3.12 Image schemas give rise to abstract thought
3.13 A partial list of image schemas
4 Refining image schema theory
4.1 Spatial primitives
4.2 Image schemas
4.3 Schematic integrations
5 Mimetic schemas
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
10 Cognitive Semantics
1 Semantic structure
2 The configuration of SPACE and TIME
2.1 TIME versus SPACE
2.2 Conceptual alternativity
3 Schematic systems
3.1 The Configurational Structure System
3.2 The Attentional System
3.3 The Perspectival System
3.4 The Force-Dynamics System
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
11 Categorisation and idealised cognitive models
1 A new approach to categorisation and the development of cognitive linguistics
2 The classical theory
2.1 The definitional problem
2.2 The problem of conceptual fuzziness
2.3 The problem of prototypicality
2.4 Further problems
3 Prototype theory
3.1 Principles of categorisation
3.2 The categorisation system
3.3 The vertical dimension
3.4 The horizontal dimension
3.5 Problems with prototype theory
4 The theory of idealised cognitive models
4.1 Sources of typicality effects
4.2 How the theory of ICMs resolves problems with prototype theory
4.3 The structure of ICMs
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
12 Conceptual metaphor theory
1 Literal versus figurative language
1.1 Literal and figurative language as complex concepts
1.2 Can the distinction be maintained?
2 What is metaphor?
2.1 The traditional view
2.2 Conceptual metaphor
3 Conceptual metaphor theory
3.1 The unidirectionality of metaphor
3.2 Motivation for target and source
3.3 Metaphorical entailments
3.4 Metaphor systems
3.5 Metaphors and image schemas
3.6 Invariance
3.7 The conceptual nature of metaphor
3.8 Hiding and highlighting
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
13 Primary metaphors and conceptual metonymy
1 A primary metaphor account of conceptual metaphors
1.1 Three problems for conceptual metaphor theory
1.2 Towards a decompositional account of conceptual metaphors
1.3 Properties of primary conceptual metaphors
1.4 Consequences of primary metaphor theory
2 Conceptual metonymy
2.1 What is metonymy?
2.2 The conceptual basis of metonymy
2.3 Conceptual metonymy as a domain highlighting operation
2.4 Different metonymic phenomena
2.5 Metonymy–metaphor interaction
2.6 A typology of conceptual metonymy
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
Part III Semantic Structure
14 What is a cognitive linguistics approach to semantic structure?
1 Guiding principles
1.1 Semantic structure is encyclopaedic
1.2 Meaning construction entails simulations
2 Formal Semantics
2.1 Meaning, truth and reality
2.2 Truth-conditional semantics and formal linguistics
3 Comparison with the cognitive linguistics approach to semantic structure
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
15 The encyclopaedic approach to semantic structure I: overview
1 The dictionary view of linguistic meaning
1.1 The characteristics of the dictionary view
1.2 A case study in pragmatics: relevance theory
1.3 Problems with the dictionary view
2 The encyclopaedic view of linguistic meaning
2.1 No principled distinction between semantics and pragmatics
2.2 Encyclopaedic knowledge is structured
2.3 There is a distinction between encyclopaedic knowledge and contextual information
2.4 Lexical expressions facilitate access to encyclopaedic knowledge
2.5 Encyclopaedic knowledge is dynamic
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
16 The encyclopaedic approach to semantic structure II: two theories
1 Frame Semantics
1.1 What is a semantic frame?
1.2 Frames in cognitive psychology
1.3 The COMMERCIAL EVENT frame
1.4 Speech event frames
1.5 Consequences of adopting a frame-based model
2 Cognitive Grammar and the theory of domains
2.1 What is a domain?
2.2 Basic versus abstract domains
2.3 Other characteristics of domains
2.4 Deploying domains in the service of linguistically mediated meaning
2.5 Construal
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
17 Network approaches to semantic structure
1 Lexical versus compositional semantics: a false dichotomy
1.1 Word meaning is protean in nature
1.2 The conceptual nature of meaning construction
1.3 Grammatical constructions are independently meaningful
2 Words as radial categories
2.1 The nature of polysemy
2.2 The polysemy approach to over
2.3 Lakoff ’s full-specification approach
2.4 Problems with the full-specification approach
2.5 The Principled Polysemy approach
2.6 Criticisms of principled polysemy
3 Langacker’s network conception
3.1 Schemas versus instances
3.2 The network model
3.3 Polysemy in the network model
4 The importance of context for polysemy
4.1 Usage context: subsenses
4.2 Sentential context: facets
4.3 Knowledge context: ways of seeing
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
18 Access Semantics and meaning construction
1 Design features for meaning construction
1.1 Language employs two qualitatively distinct types of reference
1.2 Semantic structure, encoded by linguistic referential vehicles, relates to knowledge of two qualitatively distinct types
2 The linguistic focus hypothesis
3 The architecture of Access Semantics
3.1 Semantic representation in Access Semantics
3.2 The cognitive model profile
3.3 Semantic composition
3.4 Interpretation
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
19 Mental spaces and discourse meaning
1 Key assumptions of mental spaces theory
1.1 Formal Semantics revisited
1.2 The nature of meaning in mental spaces theory
1.3 An overview of mental spaces theory
2 The architecture of mental space construction
2.1 Space builders
2.2 Elements
2.3 Properties and relations
2.4 Mental space lattices
2.5 Counterparts and connectors
2.6 The Access Principle
2.7 Roles and values
3 An illustration of mental space construction
4 The dynamic nature of meaning construction
4.1 Tense and aspect in English
4.2 The tense–aspect system in mental spaces theory
4.3 Epistemic distance
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
20 Conceptual blending and semantic creativity
1 The origins of blending theory
1.1 Problem 1: metaphor
1.2 Problem 2: counterfactual disanalogies
2 Towards a theory of conceptual integration
2.1 The nature of integration networks
2.2 That surgeon is a butcher: the blending theory account
2.3 Bill Clinton as French President: the blending theory account
3 The nature of blending
3.1 The elements of conceptual blending
3.2 Further linguistic examples
4 Vital relations and compressions
4.1 Vital relations
4.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions
4.3 Disintegration and decompression
5 A taxonomy of integration networks
5.1 Simplex networks
5.2 Mirror networks
5.3 Single-scope networks
5.4 Double-scope networks
6 Multiple blending
7 Constraining blending theory
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
Part IV Grammar
21 What is a cognitive linguistics approach to grammar?
1 Guiding principles
1.1 The symbolic thesis
1.2 The usage-based thesis
2 Formal approaches to grammar
2.1 Background: the rise of Transformational Grammar
2.2 Assumptions of Transformational Grammar
2.3 The nature of Transformational Grammar
3 Comparison with cognitive linguistics approaches to grammar
3.1 Lexicon–grammar continuum versus autonomous syntax
3.2 Inventory versus derivational system
3.3 The status of constructions
3.4 Schemas versus rules
3.5 Redundancy versus economy
3.6 Conventionality versus regularity
3.7 ‘Scaffolding’ versus ‘building blocks’
3.8 Constraints on models of grammar
3.9 Sanctioning and grammaticality
3.10 Emphasis on formalism
4 Three cognitive linguistics approaches to grammar
4.1 Cognitive Grammar
4.2 Construction Grammars
4.3 Cognitive linguistics theories of grammaticalisation
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
22 Cognitive Grammar I: lexical classes
1 The semantic basis of word classes
2 Nominal predications: nouns
2.1 Bounding
2.2 Homogeneity versus heterogeneity
2.3 Expansibility and contractibility versus replicability
2.4 Abstract nouns
3 Nominal versus relational predications
4 Relational predications: temporal versus atemporal relations
4.1 Temporal relations: verbs
4.2 Atemporal relations
5 Lexical classes: an overview
6 Nominal grounding predications
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
23 Cognitive Grammar II: constructions
1 Constituency in symbolic units
2 Phrases as constructions
2.1 Heads and dependents
2.2 Correspondence
2.3 Profile determinacy
2.4 Conceptual autonomy versus conceptual dependence
2.5 Constituency
2.6 The prototypical grammatical construction
3 Words as constructions
3.1 Phonological autonomy and dependence
3.2 Semantic autonomy and dependence
3.3 Prototypical stems and affixes
3.4 Composite structure
3.5 Constructional schemas
3.6 An example: agreement
4 Clauses as constructions
4.1 Valence at the clause level
4.2 Grammatical functions and transitivity
4.3 Case
4.4 Marked coding: the passive construction
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
24 Cognitive Grammar III: the verb string
1 English verbs: a brief overview
2 The clausal head and the grounding predication
3 The clausal head
3.1 The clausal head complex
3.2 The passive construction: [be₂ [PERF₃ [V]]]
3.3 The progressive construction: [be₁ [-ing [V]]]
3.4 The perfect construction: [have [PERF₄ [V]]]
4 The clausal grounding predication
4.1 Grounding: a recap
4.2 The epistemic model
4.3 Modality revisited
4.4 Potential and projected reality
5 Lexical aspect
5.1 Situation types: an overview
5.2 Perfective and imperfective PROCESSES
5.3 Aspect and the count/mass distinction
5.4 Situation types: Cognitive Grammar compared to Vendler (1967)
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
25 Construction Grammar I: accounting for irregularity in grammar
1 Towards a typology of idiomatic expressions
1.1 Decoding and encoding idioms
1.2 Grammatical versus extragrammatical idioms
1.3 Substantive versus formal idioms
1.4 Idioms with and without pragmatic point
1.5 Familiar pieces familiarly arranged
1.6 Familiar pieces unfamiliarly arranged
1.7 Unfamiliar pieces familiarly arranged
1.8 Unfamiliar pieces unfamiliarly arranged
1.9 Overall evaluation
2 Two case studies
2.1 The let alone construction
2.2 The what’s X doing Y construction
3 The architecture of Construction Grammar
3.1 Construction Grammar: an overview
3.2 The status of the ‘construction’ in Construction Grammar
3.3 Compositionality in Construction Grammar
3.4 Construction Grammar as usage-based theory
4 Comparing Construction Grammar with Cognitive Grammar
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
26 Construction Grammar II: accounting for generalisations in grammar
1 Towards a constructional account of argument structure constructions
1.1 Assumptions
1.2 Defining a construction
1.3 Advantages of a constructional approach to verb–argument structure
2 The relationship between verbs and constructions
2.1 What is the nature of verb meaning?
2.2 What is the nature of constructional meaning?
2.3 When can a given verb occur in a given construction?
2.4 Argument roles
2.5 Constructional profiling
2.6 Fusion
3 Relationships between constructions
3.1 Polysemy links
3.2 Subpart links
3.3 Instance links
3.4 Metaphorical extension links
4 Three constructions
4.1 The English ditransitive construction (X CAUSES Y TO RECEIVE Z)
4.2 The English caused motion construction (X CAUSES Y TO MOVE Z)
4.3 The English resultative construction
5 Other Construction Grammar approaches
5.1 Radical Construction Grammar
5.2 Embodied Construction Grammar
6 Comparing constructional approaches to grammar
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
27 The evolution of grammar
1 The nature of grammaticalisation
1.1 Form change
1.2 Meaning change
2 Metaphorical extension approaches
2.1 The evolution of grammatical concepts
2.2 Metaphorical extension
2.3 The grammaticalisation continuum
2.4 The role of discourse context
2.5 The microstructure and macrostructure of grammaticalisation
2.6 Case study I: OBJECT-TO-SPACE
2.7 Case study II: SPACE-TO-POSSESSION
3 Invited inferencing theory
3.1 From invited inference to coded meaning
3.2 Subjectification
3.3 Intersubjectification
3.4 The status of metaphor in invited inferencing theory
3.5 Case study: the evolution of must
4 The subjectification approach
4.1 The nature of subjectification
4.2 Case study I: be going to
4.3 Case study II: the evolution of auxiliaries from verbs of motion or posture
5 Comparison of the three approaches: be going to
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
Part V Applications and Extensions of Cognitive Linguistics
28 Language, society and discourse
1 Rethinking cognitive linguistics socially
1.1 Joint action, coordination and convention
1.2 Linguistic symbols and common ground
1.3 Encyclopaedic meaning and shared meaning
1.4 Meaning as construal and construal for communication
2 Meaning and social reality
2.1 Levels of meaning: competency versus affordances
2.2 Types of meaning construction
2.3 Properties of social constructions
3 Cognitive sociolinguistics
3.1 What is the nature of cognitive sociolinguistics?
3.2 A case study: cognitive dialectology
4 Cognitive critical discourse analysis
4.1 From CDA to cognitive CDA
4.2 A case study: critical metaphor analysis
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
29 Text, narrative and literature
1 Narrative
1.1 Towards a theory of narrative in human cognition
1.2 The literary mind
2 Cognitive poetics
2.1 The foci of cognitive poetics
2.2 The nature of literariness
2.3 Prototypicality in literature
2.4 Cognitive poetic applications
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
30 Gesture and sign language
1 The nature of gesture
1.1 Classifying gestures
1.2 Why we gesture
2 Gestural studies in cognitive linguistics
2.1 Image schemas
2.2 Conceptual metaphor
2.3 Conceptual metonymy
2.4 Mental spaces and blending
2.5 Construal, framing and perspective
3 Sign language studies in cognitive linguistics
3.1 Articulatory parallels between spoken and signed languages
3.2 Cognitive iconicity
3.3 Metaphor
3.4 Metonymy
3.5 Mental spaces and blending
4 Implications of cognitive approaches to gesture and sign languages
Summary
Further reading
Discussion questions
References
Index