Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations
Höfundar:
Michael L. Bishop; Edward P. Fody; Carleen Van Siclen; James March Mistler (Útgáfa: 9)
Kaup valmöguleikar
Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and Correlations, Ninth Edition is the most student-friendly clinical chemistry text available today. The Ninth Edition keeps students at the forefront of what continues to be one of the most rapidly advancing areas of laboratory medicine with clear explanations that balance analytic principles, techniques, and correlation of results with coverage of disease states.
Nánar um bókina
- Jones & Bartlett Learning
- 9781284275100
- 9781284238860
- ePub
- 9
- Michael L. Bishop; Edward P. Fody; Carleen Van Siclen; James March Mistler
- English
- 2022-03-10
- 100
- 30
- 10
Kaflar
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Disclaimer
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- New to This Edition
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Ancillary Contributors
- Reviewers
- Chapter 1 Basic Principles and Practices of Clinical Chemistry
- Units of Measure
- Reagents
- Chemicals
- Reference Materials
- Water Specifications
- Solution Properties
- Concentration
- Colligative Properties
- Redox Potential
- Conductivity
- pH and Buffers
- Laboratory Equipment
- Heating Units
- Glassware and Plasticware
- Desiccators and Desiccants
- Balances
- Centrifuges
- Laboratory Mathematics and Calculations
- Significant Figures
- Logarithms
- Concentration
- Dilutions
- Simple Dilutions
- Serial Dilutions
- Water of Hydration
- Graphing and Beer’s Law
- Specimen Collection and Handling
- Types of Samples
- Sample Processing
- Sample Variables
- Chain of Custody
- Electronic and Paper Reporting of Results
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 2 Laboratory Safety and Regulations
- Laboratory Safety and Regulations
- Occupational Safety and Health Act
- Other Regulations and Guidelines
- Safety Awareness for Clinical Laboratory Personnel
- Safety Responsibility
- Signage and Labeling
- Safety Equipment
- Chemical Fume Hoods and Biosafety Cabinets
- Chemical Storage Equipment
- PPE and Hygiene
- Biologic Safety
- General Considerations
- Spills
- Bloodborne Pathogens
- Airborne Pathogens
- Shipping
- Chemical Safety
- Hazard Communication
- Safety Data Sheet
- OSHA Laboratory Standard
- Toxic Effects from Hazardous Substances
- Storage and Handling of Chemicals
- Radiation Safety
- Environmental Protection
- Personal Protection
- Nonionizing Radiation
- Fire Safety
- The Chemistry of Fire
- Classification of Fires
- Types and Applications of Fire Extinguishers
- Control of Other Hazards
- Electrical Hazards
- Compressed Gas Hazards
- Cryogenic Materials Hazards
- Mechanical Hazards
- Ergonomic Hazards
- Disposal of Hazardous Materials
- Chemical Waste
- Radioactive Waste
- Biohazardous Waste
- Accident Documentation and Investigation
- Wrap-Up
- Bibliography and Suggested Reading
- References
- Chapter 3 Quality Management in the Clinical Laboratory
- Basic Concepts
- Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Center, Spread, and Shape
- Measurement of Precision
- Descriptive Statistics of Groups of Paired Observations
- Measurement of Bias
- Inferential Statistics
- Quality Control and Quality Improvement
- QC Charts
- Operation of a QC System
- Multi-Rules Rule!
- Proficiency Testing
- Lean Six Sigma
- Quality Assessment
- Individual Quality Control Program (IQCP): An Option to Streamline QCP
- Reference Range Studies
- Establishing Reference Ranges
- Determining Whether to Establish or Transfer and Verify Reference Ranges
- Data Analysis to Establish a Reference Range
- Data Analysis to Transfer and Verify a Reference Range
- Method Evaluation
- Regulatory Aspects of Method Evaluation
- Allowable Analytical Error
- Method Evaluation Acceptance Criteria
- Diagnostic Efficiency
- Measures of Diagnostic Efficiency
- Wrap-Up
- Online Resources
- References
- Chapter 4 Analytic Techniques
- Spectrophotometry
- Beer’s Law
- Spectrophotometric Instruments
- Components of a Spectrophotometer
- Spectrophotometer Quality Assurance
- Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
- Fluorometry
- Fluorometry Instrumentation
- Fluorescence Polarization
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Fluorometry
- Chemiluminescence
- Turbidimetry
- Nephelometry
- Laser Applications
- Electrochemistry
- Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells
- Half-Cells
- Ion-Selective Electrodes
- pH Electrodes
- Gas-Sensing Electrodes
- Enzyme Electrodes
- Coulometric Titration
- Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
- Electrophoresis
- Procedure
- Support Materials
- Treatment and Application of Sample
- Detection and Quantitation
- Electroendosmosis
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Immunofixation Electrophoresis
- Capillary Electrophoresis
- Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis
- Osmometry
- Freezing Point Osmometer
- Newer Optical Techniques
- Chromatography
- Modes of Separation
- Chromatographic Procedures
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Gas Chromatography
- Mass Spectrometry
- Sample Introduction and Ionization
- Mass Spectrometer Analyzer
- Detector
- Applications of MS in the Clinical Laboratory
- Small Molecule Analysis
- Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics and Pathogen Identification
- Mass Spectrometry at the Point of Care
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 5 Clinical Chemistry Automation
- History and Evolution of Automated Analyzers
- Driving Forces and Benefits of Automation
- Steps in Automated Analysis
- Specimen Preparation and Identification
- Specimen Measurement and Delivery
- Reagent Systems and Delivery
- Chemical Reaction Phase
- Measurement Phase
- Signal Processing and Data Handling
- Additional Considerations for Automated Immunoassays
- Immunoassay Basics
- Turbidimetry and Nephelometry
- Labeled Immunoassays
- Total Laboratory Automation
- Pre-analytic Phase
- Analytic Phase
- Post-analytic Phase
- Future Trends in Automation
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 6 Proteins and Heme Derivatives
- Amino Acids
- Overview
- Basic Structure
- Metabolism
- Classification
- Aminoacidopathies
- Methods of Analysis
- Proteins
- Overview
- Basic Structure
- General Chemical Properties
- Synthesis
- Catabolism and Nitrogen Balance
- Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism
- Classification
- Plasma Proteins
- Prealbumin
- Albumin
- Globulins
- Other Proteins of Clinical Significance
- Troponin
- Natriuretic Peptides
- Fibronectin
- Cross-Linked C-Telopeptide
- Cystatin C
- Plasma Total Protein Abnormalities
- Hypoproteinemia
- Hyperproteinemia
- Methods of Analysis
- Sample Requirements
- Total Protein
- Albumin
- Immunochemical Assays
- Electrophoresis
- Proteins in Other Body Fluids
- Urine
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Hemoglobin
- Synthesis and Degradation of Hemoglobin
- Myoglobin
- Heme
- Synthesis of Heme
- Disorders of Heme Biosynthesis
- Clinical Application
- Analytical Methods
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 7 Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds
- Urea
- Biochemistry
- Clinical Application
- Analytical Methods
- Pathophysiology
- Uric Acid
- Biochemistry
- Clinical Application
- Analytical Methods
- Pathophysiology
- Creatinine/Creatine
- Biochemistry
- Clinical Application
- Analytical Methods
- Pathophysiology
- Ammonia
- Biochemistry
- Clinical Application
- Analytical Methods
- Pathophysiology
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 8 Enzymes
- General Properties and Definitions
- Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature
- Enzyme Kinetics
- Enzyme Catalysis
- Factors That Influence Enzymatic Reactions
- Measurement of Enzyme Activity
- Calculation of Enzyme Activity
- Measurement of Enzyme Mass
- Enzymes as Reagents
- Enzymes of Clinical Significance
- Creatine Kinase
- Lactate Dehydrogenase
- Aspartate Aminotransferase
- Alanine Aminotransferase
- Alkaline Phosphatase
- Acid Phosphatase
- γ-Glutamyltransferase
- 5’-Nucleotidase
- Amylase
- Lipase
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Macroenzymes
- Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 9 Carbohydrates
- General Description of Carbohydrates
- Classification of Carbohydrates
- Stereoisomers
- Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
- Chemical Properties of Carbohydrates
- Glucose Metabolism
- Fate of Glucose
- Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Hyperglycemia
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
- Criteria for Testing for Prediabetes and Diabetes
- Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
- Criteria for the Testing and Diagnosis of GDM
- Hypoglycemia
- Genetic Defects in Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Role of the Laboratory in Differential Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Glucose Metabolic Alterations
- Methods of Glucose Measurement
- Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
- Glucose Tolerance and 2-Hour Postprandial Tests
- Glycosylated Hemoglobin/HbA1C
- Ketones
- Albuminuria
- Islet Autoantibody, Insulin Testing and C-Peptide Testing
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 10 Lipids and Lipoproteins
- Lipid Chemistry
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- General Lipoprotein Structure
- Chylomicrons
- Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein
- Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins
- Low-Density Lipoproteins
- Lipoprotein (a)
- High-Density Lipoproteins
- Lipoprotein X
- Lipoprotein Physiology and Metabolism
- Lipid Absorption
- Exogenous Pathway
- Endogenous Pathway
- Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Population Distributions
- National Cholesterol Education Program
- Dyslipidemia and Children
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid Disorders
- Arteriosclerosis
- Hyperlipoproteinemia
- Hypercholesterolemia
- PCSK9
- Hypertriglyceridemia
- Combined Hyperlipidemia
- Lp(a) Elevation
- Non-HDL Cholesterol
- Hypobetalipoproteinemia
- Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Analyses
- Lipid Measurement
- Cholesterol Measurement
- Triglyceride Measurement
- Lipoprotein Methods
- HDL Methods
- LDL Methods
- Apolipoprotein Methods
- Phospholipid Measurement
- Fatty Acid Measurement
- Standardization of Lipid and Lipoprotein Assays
- Precision
- Accuracy
- Matrix Interactions
- CDC Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network
- Analytic Performance Goals
- Quality Control
- Specimen Collection
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 11 Electrolytes
- Water
- Osmolality
- The Electrolytes
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Chloride
- Bicarbonate
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Phosphate
- Lactate
- Anion Gap
- Electrolytes and Renal Function
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 12 Blood Gases, pH, and Buffer Systems
- Acid–Base Balance
- Maintenance of H+
- Buffer Systems: Regulation of H+ and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
- Regulation of Acid–Base Balance: Lungs and Kidneys (Transport of Carbon Dioxide)
- Assessment of Acid–Base Homeostasis
- The Bicarbonate Buffering System
- Acid–Base Disorders: Acidosis and Alkalosis
- Determining Patient Acid–Base Status
- Oxygen and Gas Exchange
- Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
- Oxygen Transport
- Assessment of a Patient’s Oxygen Status
- Hemoglobin–Oxygen Dissociation
- Measurement
- Blood Gas Analyzers: pH, pCO2, and pO2
- Measurement of pO2
- Measurement of pH and pCO2
- Types of Sensors
- Calibration
- Correction for Temperature
- Calculated Parameters
- Spectrophotometric Determination of Oxygen Saturation (Co-Oximetry)
- Quality Assurance
- Preanalytic Considerations
- Analytic Assessments: Quality Control and Proficiency Testing
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 13 Basic Endocrinology
- Hormone Classification
- Amine
- Peptide
- Protein
- Glycoprotein
- Steroid
- Fatty Acid
- Introduction to Hormones
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and the Adrenal Cortical Hormones
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Androgens
- Progesterone
- Estrogens/Estradiol/Estriol
- Catecholamines
- Thyroid Hormone (T3, T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Calcitonin and Procalcitonin
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Gastrin and Secretin
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Serotonin/5-hydroxyindolacetic Acid (5-HIAA)
- Hormone Metabolism
- Alcohol Consumption
- Adrenal Steroid Hormone Synthesis
- Mechanisms of Elimination
- Hormone Transport
- Solubility
- Carrier Proteins
- Micelles
- Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback Mechanisms
- Positive Feedback Mechanisms
- Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Disorders
- Other Factors That Affect Hormone Levels
- Emotional Stress
- Time of Day
- Menstrual Cycle
- Menopause
- Food Intake/Diet
- Drugs
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 14 Thyroid Function
- The Thyroid
- Thyroid Anatomy and Development
- Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
- Protein Binding of Thyroid Hormone
- Control of Thyroid Function
- Actions of Thyroid Hormones
- Tests for Thyroid Function
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Free Thyroxine (FT4)
- Free Triiodothyronine (FT3)
- Thyroglobulin Antibody
- Thyroperoxidase Antibody
- Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody
- Other Tools for Thyroid Evaluation
- Nuclear Medicine Evaluation
- Thyroid Ultrasound
- Fine-Needle Aspiration
- Disorders of the Thyroid
- Hypothyroidism
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Hyperthyroidism
- Toxic Adenoma and Multinodular Goiter
- Drug-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction
- Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Disease
- Subacute Thyroiditis
- Nonthyroidal Illness
- Thyroid Nodules
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 15 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Function
- Embryology and Anatomy
- Functional Aspects of the Hypothalamic–Hypophyseal Unit
- Pituitary Tumors
- Hypophysiotropic or Hypothalamic Hormones
- Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth Hormone
- Actions of GH
- Testing
- GH Excess
- GH Deficiency
- Prolactin
- Prolactinoma
- Other Causes of Hyperprolactinemia
- Clinical Evaluation of Hyperprolactinemia
- Management of Prolactinoma
- Idiopathic Galactorrhea
- Hypopituitarism
- Etiology of Hypopituitarism
- Treatment of Panhypopituitarism
- Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Oxytocin
- Arginine Vasopressin
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 16 Adrenal Function
- Embryology and Anatomy
- The Adrenal Cortex
- Glucocorticoid Physiology
- Cortex Steroidogenesis
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
- Primary Aldosteronism
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Isolated Hypoaldosteronism
- Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s Syndrome)
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Adrenal Androgens
- Androgen Excess
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- The Adrenal Medulla
- Embryology
- Biosynthesis, Storage, and Secretion of Catecholamines
- Metabolism and Excretion of Catecholamines
- Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Result Interpretation
- Treatment
- Adrenal Incidentaloma
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 17 Gonadal Function
- The Testes
- Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract
- Physiology of the Testicles
- Disorders of Sexual Development and Testicular Hypofunction
- Diagnosis of Hypogonadism
- Testosterone Replacement Therapy
- Monitoring Testosterone Replacement Therapy
- The Ovaries
- Early Ovarian Development
- Functional Anatomy of the Ovaries
- Hormonal Production by the Ovaries
- The Menstrual Cycle
- Hormonal Control of Ovulation
- Pubertal Development in the Female
- Precocious Sexual Development
- Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities
- Evaluation of Female Infertility
- Hirsutism
- Estrogen Replacement Therapy
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 18 Parathyroid Function
- Parathyroid Glands
- Parathyroid Hormone
- Vitamin D
- Effects of the Parathyroid Hormone
- GI Regulation
- Role of Kidneys
- Bone Physiology
- Parathyroid Disorders
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
- Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism in Renal Failure
- Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Addison’s Disease
- Medications That Cause Hypercalcemia
- Hypervitaminosis
- Parathyroid Hormone–related Protein
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Metabolic Bone Diseases
- Rickets and Osteomalacia
- Osteoporosis
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 19 Liver Function
- Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic Anatomy
- Biochemical Functions
- Excretory and Secretory Functions
- Metabolism
- Detoxification and Drug Metabolism
- Liver Function Alterations During Disease
- Jaundice
- Cirrhosis
- Tumors
- Reye’s Syndrome
- Drug- and Alcohol-Related Disorders
- Assessment of Liver Function/Liver Function Tests
- Bilirubin
- Methods
- Urobilinogen in Urine and Feces
- Serum Bile Acids
- Enzymes
- Tests Measuring Hepatic Synthetic Ability
- Tests Measuring Nitrogen Metabolism
- Hepatitis
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 20 Cardiac Function
- Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
- Cardiac Ischemia, Angina, and Heart Attacks
- Markers of Cardiac Damage
- Initial Markers of Cardiac Damage
- Cardiac Troponins
- Myoglobin
- Cardiac Injury
- Cardiac Biomarkers in Heart Failure
- Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Heart Failure
- Cardiac Troponins
- Markers of Coronary Heart Disease Risk and Plaque Instability
- C-Reactive Protein
- Homocysteine
- Markers of Pulmonary Embolism
- Use of d-Dimer Detection in PE
- Value of Assaying Troponin and BNP in Acute PE
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 21 Renal Function
- Renal Anatomy
- Renal Physiology
- Glomerular Filtration
- Tubular Function
- Elimination of Nonprotein Nitrogen Compounds
- Water, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Homeostasis
- Endocrine Function
- Analytic Procedures
- Creatinine Clearance
- Estimated GFR
- Cystatin C
- β2-Microglobulin
- Myoglobin
- Albuminuria
- Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin
- NephroCheck
- Urinalysis
- Pathophysiology
- Glomerular Diseases
- Tubular Diseases
- Urinary Tract Infection/Obstruction
- Renal Calculi
- Renal Failure
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 22 Pancreatic Function
- Physiology of Pancreatic Function
- Diseases of the Pancreas
- Tests of Pancreatic Function
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) Test
- Fecal Fat Analysis
- Fecal Enzymes
- Sweat Electrolyte Testing
- Serum Enzymes
- Tests of Gastric Secretion and Intestinal Function
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 23 Body Fluid Analysis
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Serous Fluids
- Pleural Fluid
- Pericardial Fluid
- Peritoneal Fluid
- Amniotic Fluid
- Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
- Neural Tube Defects
- Fetal Lung Maturity
- Phosphatidylglycerol
- Lamellar Body Counts
- Sweat
- Synovial Fluid
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 24 Pregnancy and Prenatal Testing
- Pregnancy
- Conception and Embryonic Development
- Fetal Development
- Delivery
- Transformation During Pregnancy
- Plasma Volume Increase
- Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
- Natural Decreases in Analytes
- Upregulation of Hormones and Steroids
- Increased Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Hyperventilation
- Endocrine
- Cholesterols
- Immune System
- Neuroactive Hormones
- Analytes for Maternal and Fetal Health Assessment
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- α-Fetoprotein (AFP)
- Fetal Amniotic Fluid α-Fetoprotein
- Unconjugated Estriol
- Inhibin A
- The Triple and Quadruple Screen Test
- Acetylcholinesterase
- Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A)
- Progesterone
- Glucose
- Fetal Fibronectin
- Common Diseases Associated with the Developing Fetus
- Neural Tube Defects
- Down Syndrome
- Trisomy 18
- Isoimmunization
- Preterm Delivery
- Common Diseases Associated with the Mother and Pregnancy
- Preeclampsia
- Hyperemesis Gravidarum
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Analyte Deficiency
- Other Clinical Impairments
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 25 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
- Pharmacokinetics
- Routes of Administration
- Drug Absorption
- Drug Distribution
- Free Versus Bound Drugs
- Drug Metabolism
- Drug Elimination
- Elimination Example
- Pharmacodynamics
- Specimen Collection
- Pharmacogenomics
- Cardioactive Drugs
- Digoxin
- Quinidine
- Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide
- Disopyramide
- Antibiotics
- Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin
- Tobramycin
- Amikacin
- Vancomycin
- Antiepileptic Drugs
- Primidone
- Phenobarbital
- Phenytoin and Free Phenytoin
- Valproic Acid
- Carbamazepine
- Ethosuximide
- Felbamate
- Gabapentin
- Lamotrigine
- Levetiracetam
- Oxcarbazepine
- Tiagabine
- Topiramate
- Zonisamide
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Lithium
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Immunosuppressive Drugs
- Cyclosporine
- Tacrolimus
- Sirolimus
- Everolimus
- Mycophenolic Acid
- Antineoplastics
- Methotrexate
- Bronchodilators
- Theophylline
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 26 Toxicology
- Xenobiotics, Poisons, and Toxins
- Routes of Exposure
- Dose–Response Relationship
- Acute and Chronic Toxicity
- Analysis of Toxic Agents
- Toxicology of Specific Agents
- Alcohols
- Carbon Monoxide
- Caustic Agents
- Cyanide
- Metals and Metalloids
- Pesticides
- Toxicology of Therapeutic Drugs
- Salicylates
- Acetaminophen
- Toxicology of Drugs of Abuse
- Amphetamines
- Sedatives–Hypnotics
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines
- Cannabinoids: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
- Cocaine
- Opioids
- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- Phencyclidine
- Anabolic Steroids
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 27 Trace Elements, Toxic Elements, and Vitamins
- Trace and Toxic Elements
- Instrumentation and Methods
- Aluminum
- Arsenic
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Copper
- Iron
- Lead
- Manganese
- Mercury
- Molybdenum
- Selenium
- Zinc
- Vitamins
- Overview
- Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Water-Soluble Vitamins
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Bibliography
- Chapter 28 Tumor Markers
- Types of Tumor Markers
- Applications of Tumor Marker Detection
- Screening and Risk Assessment
- Prognosis
- Monitoring Effectiveness of Therapy and Disease Recurrence
- Laboratory Considerations for Tumor Marker Measurement
- Immunoassays
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescence
- Enzyme Assays
- Tumor Marker Tests
- α-Fetoprotein
- Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125)
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Prostate-Specific Antigen
- Cancer Antigen 15-3
- Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
- Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains
- Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4)
- Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE)
- Wrap-Up
- Suggested Reading
- References
- Chapter 29 Point-of-Care Testing
- Laboratory Regulations
- Accreditation
- POCT Complexity
- Implementation
- Establishing Need
- POCT Implementation Protocol
- Personnel Requirements
- Quality Management
- Accuracy Requirements
- QC and Proficiency Testing
- POC Applications
- Informatics and POCT
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 30 Newborn and Pediatric Clinical Chemistry
- Developmental Changes from Neonate to Adult
- Respiration and Circulation
- Growth
- Organ Development
- Problems of Prematurity and Immaturity
- Pediatric Sample Collection and Handling
- Phlebotomy
- Preanalytic Concerns
- Choice of Analyzer
- Point-of-Care Analysis in Pediatrics
- Turnaround Time
- Evaluation of POCT Devices
- Device Limitations for Pediatric Use
- Regulation of Blood Gases and pH in Neonates and Infants
- Blood Gas and Acid–Base Measurement
- Regulation of Electrolytes and Water: Renal Function
- Disorders Affecting Electrolytes and Water Balance
- Development of Liver Function
- Physiologic Jaundice
- Energy Metabolism
- Diabetes
- Nitrogen Metabolism
- Nitrogenous End Products as Markers of Renal Function
- Liver Function Tests
- Calcium and Bone Metabolism in Pediatrics
- Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia
- Endocrine Function in Pediatrics
- Hormone Secretion
- Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Thyroid System
- Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Cortex System
- Growth Factors
- Endocrine Control of Sexual Maturation
- Development of the Immune System
- Basic Concepts of Immunity
- Components of the Immune System
- Neonatal and Infant Antibody Production
- Immunity Disorders
- Genetic Diseases
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Newborn Screening for Whole Populations
- Diagnosis of Metabolic Disease in the Clinical Setting
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
- Toxicologic Issues in Pediatric Clinical Chemistry
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Chapter 31 Geriatric Clinical Chemistry
- The Aging of America
- Aging and Medical Science
- General Physiologic Changes with Aging
- Muscle
- Bone
- Gastrointestinal System
- Kidney/Urinary System
- Immune System
- Endocrine System
- Sex Hormones
- Glucose Metabolism
- Effects of Age on Laboratory Testing
- Muscle
- Bone
- Gastrointestinal System
- Urinary System
- Immune System
- Endocrine System
- Sex Hormones
- Glucose Metabolism
- Establishing Reference Ranges for the Elderly
- Preanalytical Variables Unique to Geriatric Patients
- Diseases Prevalent in the Elderly
- Age-Associated Changes in Drug Metabolism
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Elimination
- Atypical Presentations of Common Diseases
- Geriatric Syndromes
- The Impact of Exercise and Nutrition on Chemistry Results in the Geriatric Population
- Wrap-Up
- References
- Appendix: Reference Range
- Glossary
- Index