Classical Sociological Theory

Höfundar: George Ritzer; Jeffrey Stepnisky (Útgáfa: 8)
Classical Sociological Theory

Kaup valmöguleikar

The authors are proud sponsors of the 2020 SAGE Keith Roberts Teaching Innovations Award—enabling graduate students and early career faculty to attend the annual ASA pre-conference teaching and learning workshop. Classical Sociological Theory, Eighth Edition, provides a comprehensive overview of the major theorists and schools of sociological thought from the Enlightenment roots of theory through the early 20th century.

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Útgefandi
SAGE Publications, Inc. (US)
ISBN
9781544354842
Print ISBN
9781544354828
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
8
Höfundar
George Ritzer; Jeffrey Stepnisky
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2020-03-27
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • About the Authors
  • Part I • Introduction to Classical Sociological Theory
  • Chapter 1 • A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Early Years
  • Introduction
  • Premodern Sociological Theory
  • Social Forces in the Development of Sociological Theory
  • Political Revolutions
  • The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism
  • Colonialism
  • The Rise of Socialism
  • Feminism
  • Urbanization
  • Religious Change
  • The Growth of Science
  • Intellectual Forces and the Rise of Sociological Theory
  • The Enlightenment
  • The Conservative Reaction to the Enlightenment
  • The Development of French Sociology
  • Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
  • Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
  • Auguste Comte (1798–1857)
  • Emile Durkheim (1858–1917)
  • Social Facts
  • Religion
  • The Development of German Sociology
  • The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Karl Marx (1818–1883)
  • Hegel
  • Feuerbach
  • Marx, Hegel, and Feuerbach
  • Political Economy
  • Marx and Sociology
  • Marx’s Theory
  • The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Max Weber (1864–1920) and Georg Simmel (1858–1918)
  • Weber and Marx
  • Other Influences on Weber
  • Weber’s Theory
  • The Acceptance of Weber’s Theory
  • Simmel’s Theory
  • The Origins of British Sociology
  • Political Economy, Ameliorism, and Social Evolution
  • Political Economy
  • Ameliorism
  • Social Evolution
  • Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
  • Spencer and Comte
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • The Reaction against Spencer in Britain
  • Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)
  • The Key Figure in Early Italian Sociology
  • Non-European Classical Theory
  • The Contemporary Relevance of Classical Sociological Theory
  • Summary
  • Chapter 2 • A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Later Years
  • Early American Sociological Theory
  • Politics
  • Social Change and Intellectual Currents
  • Herbert Spencer’s Influence on Sociology
  • Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929)
  • Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
  • The Chicago School
  • Early Chicago Sociology
  • The Waning of Chicago Sociology
  • Women in Early American Sociology
  • The Du Bois-Atlanta School
  • Sociological Theory to Midcentury
  • The Rise of Harvard, the Ivy League, and Structural Functionalism
  • Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)
  • George Homans (1910–1989)
  • Developments in Marxian Theory
  • Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Knowledge
  • Sociological Theory from Midcentury
  • Structural Functionalism: Peak and Decline
  • Radical Sociology in America: C. Wright Mills
  • The Development of Conflict Theory
  • The Birth of Exchange Theory
  • Dramaturgical Analysis: The Work of Erving Goffman
  • The Development of Sociologies of Everyday Life
  • Phenomenological Sociology and the Work of Alfred Schutz (1899–1959)
  • Ethnomethodology
  • Marxian Sociology
  • The Challenge of Feminist Theory
  • Theories of Race and Colonialism
  • Structuralism and Poststructuralism
  • Late Twentieth-Century Integrative Theory
  • Micro-Macro Integration
  • Agency-Structure Integration
  • Theoretical Syntheses
  • Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity
  • The Defenders of Modernity
  • The Proponents of Postmodernity
  • Social Theory in the Twenty-First Century
  • Theories of Consumption
  • Theories of Globalization
  • Theories of Science, Technology, and Society
  • Summary
  • Part II • Classical Sociological Theory
  • Chapter 3 • Alexis de Tocqueville
  • Comparative Study
  • American Politics
  • The Sociology in Tocqueville’s Work
  • Mores
  • Social Class
  • Individualism
  • Civil Associations
  • Materialism
  • Social Change
  • The Key Sociological Problem(s)
  • Stagnation
  • Equality
  • Despotism
  • Centralization
  • Freedom, Democracy, and Socialism
  • Colonialism
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 4 • Auguste Comte
  • Comte’s Profound Ambitions
  • Positivism: The Search for Invariant Laws
  • Law of the Three Stages
  • Positivism: The Search for Order and Progress
  • Comte’s Sociology
  • Social Statics
  • The Individual in Comte’s Theory
  • Collective Phenomena
  • Social Dynamics
  • History
  • Theory and Practice
  • Who Will Support Positivism?
  • The Working Class
  • Women
  • Thoughts, Feelings, and Actions
  • Criticisms and Contributions
  • Positive Contributions
  • Basic Weaknesses in Comte’s Theory
  • Summary
  • Chapter 5 • Herbert Spencer
  • Spencer and Comte
  • General Theoretical Principles
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Sociology
  • Defining the Science of Sociology
  • Legitimizing Sociology
  • Sociology and Biology
  • Sociology and Psychology
  • Sociological Methods
  • Difficulties Facing Sociology
  • Spencer’s Approach
  • The Evolution of Society
  • Simple and Compounded Societies
  • Militant and Industrial Societies
  • Ethics and Politics
  • Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 6 • Karl Marx
  • Introduction
  • The Dialectic
  • Dialectical Method
  • Fact and Value
  • Reciprocal Relations
  • Past, Present, Future
  • No Inevitabilities
  • Actors and Structures
  • Human Potential
  • Labor
  • Alienation
  • The Structures of Capitalist Society
  • Commodities
  • Fetishism of Commodities
  • Capital, Capitalists, and the Proletariat
  • Exploitation
  • Class Conflict
  • Capitalism as a Good Thing
  • Materialist Conception of History
  • Cultural Aspects of Capitalist Society
  • Ideology
  • Freedom, Equality, and Ideology
  • Religion
  • Marx’s Economics: A Case Study
  • Communism
  • Criticisms
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 7 • Emile Durkheim
  • Introduction
  • Social Facts
  • Material and Nonmaterial Social Facts
  • Types of Nonmaterial Social Facts
  • Morality
  • Collective Conscience
  • Collective Representations
  • Social Currents
  • The Division of Labor in Society
  • Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
  • Dynamic Density
  • Repressive and Restitutive Law
  • Normal and Pathological
  • Justice
  • Suicide
  • The Four Types of Suicide
  • Egoistic Suicide
  • Altruistic Suicide
  • Anomic Suicide
  • Fatalistic Suicide
  • Suicide Rates and Social Reform
  • The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
  • Early and Late Durkheimian Theory
  • Theory of Religion—The Sacred and the Profane
  • Beliefs, Rituals, and Church
  • Why Primitive?
  • Collective Effervescence
  • Totemism
  • Sociology of Knowledge
  • Categories of Understanding
  • Moral Education and Social Reform
  • Morality
  • Moral Education
  • Occupational Associations
  • Criticisms
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 8 • Max Weber
  • Methodology
  • History and Sociology
  • Verstehen
  • Causality
  • Ideal Types
  • Values
  • Values and Teaching
  • Values and Research
  • Substantive Sociology
  • What Is Sociology?
  • Social Action
  • Class, Status, and Party
  • Structures of Authority
  • Rational-Legal Authority
  • Traditional Authority
  • Charismatic Authority
  • Types of Authority and the “Real World”
  • Rationalization
  • Types of Rationality
  • An Overarching Theory?
  • Formal and Substantive Rationality
  • Rationalization in Various Social Settings
  • Religion and the Rise of Capitalism
  • Paths to Salvation
  • Religion and Capitalism in China
  • Religion and Capitalism in India
  • Criticisms
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 9 • Georg Simmel
  • Primary Concerns
  • Levels and Areas of Concern
  • Dialectical Thinking
  • Fashion
  • Life
  • More-Life and More-Than-Life
  • Individual Consciousness and Individuality
  • Social Interaction (“Association”)
  • Interaction: Forms and Types
  • Social Geometry
  • Social Types
  • Social Forms
  • Social Structures and Worlds
  • Objective Culture
  • The Philosophy of Money
  • Money and Value
  • Money, Reification, and Rationalization
  • Negative Effects
  • Tragedy of Culture
  • Secrecy: A Case Study in Simmel’s Sociology
  • Secrecy and Social Relationships
  • Other Thoughts on Secrecy
  • Criticisms
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 10 • Early Women Sociologists and Classical Sociological Theory: 1830–1930
  • Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)
  • The Social Role of the Sociologist
  • The Organization of Society
  • Morals and Manners
  • Anomaly
  • Methods
  • “Things” and Sympathy
  • Feminism
  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935)
  • The Organization of Society
  • The Sexuo-Economic Relation
  • Origins of Gender Stratification
  • Androcentric Culture
  • Public and Private Spheres
  • Feminism
  • Erasure
  • Jane Addams (1860–1935) and the Chicago Women’s School
  • The Social Role of the Sociologist
  • Jane Addams (1860–1935)
  • The Basic Thesis
  • Methods
  • The Organization of Society
  • Human Nature and Ethics
  • The Social Ethic
  • The Chicago Women’s School
  • The Organization of Society and Social Role of the Sociologist
  • Methods
  • Collective Action and Social Change
  • Anna Julia Cooper (1858–1964) and Ida Wells-Barnett (1862–1931)
  • Methods
  • The Lens of Race Relations
  • Groups and Power
  • Intersections: Race, Gender, Class
  • The Organization of Society
  • Vantage Point and “the Singing Something”
  • Marianne Schnitger Weber (1870–1954)
  • The Standpoint of Women
  • Gender and Power: Authority and Autonomy
  • Gender and Culture: Objective Culture, Personal Culture, and the “Middle Ground of Daily Life”
  • Differences among Women
  • Social Change
  • Beatrice Potter Webb (1858–1943)
  • Method: Natural Experiments
  • Social Change: Permeation
  • The Social Role of the Sociologist
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 11 • W. E. B. Du Bois
  • Intellectual Influences
  • Science and Positivism
  • German Historicism and Romanticism
  • Marxism
  • Studying Race Scientifically: The Philadelphia Negro
  • Crime
  • Social Inequality: Caste and Class
  • The Benevolent Despot
  • Appeal to White Self-Interest
  • Theoretical Contributions
  • The Race Concept
  • The Veil
  • Double Consciousness or “Twoness”
  • Economics
  • Karl Marx, Socialism, and Communism
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 12 • Thorstein Veblen
  • Intellectual Influences
  • Marxian Theory
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Economic Theory
  • Basic Premises
  • Human Nature
  • Instinct of Workmanship
  • Parental Bent
  • Idle Curiosity
  • Emulation
  • The Industrial Arts
  • Cultural Lag
  • Substantive Issues
  • Theory of the Leisure Class
  • Conspicuous Leisure
  • Conspicuous Consumption
  • Waste
  • Other Characteristics
  • Business versus Industry
  • Business
  • Industry
  • Free Income
  • The Price System
  • Who Should Be in Charge?
  • The Impact of Industry and the Machine on Society
  • Trained Incapacity
  • Politics
  • Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 13 • Joseph Schumpeter
  • Creative Destruction
  • Schumpeter’s Broader Economic Theory
  • Toward a More Dynamic Theory of the Economy
  • Schumpeter’s Sociology
  • Marx, Weber, and Rationalization
  • The Future
  • Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 14 • Karl Mannheim
  • The Sociology of Knowledge
  • The Sociology of Knowledge and the Theory of Ideology
  • Generations
  • Politics
  • A Sociological Approach
  • Positivism
  • Phenomenology
  • A Sociology of the Sociology of Knowledge
  • Relativism and Relationism
  • The Intelligentsia
  • Weltanschauung
  • Steps in Practicing the Sociology of Knowledge
  • Ideology and Utopia
  • Ideology
  • Utopia
  • Disenchantment
  • Hope for the Future
  • Rationality and the Irrationality of the Times
  • Types of Rationality and Irrationality
  • Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 15 • George Herbert Mead
  • Intellectual Roots
  • Behaviorism
  • Pragmatism
  • Dialectics
  • The Priority of the Social
  • The Act
  • Stages
  • Gestures
  • Significant Symbols
  • Mental Processes and the Mind
  • Intelligence
  • Consciousness
  • Mind
  • Self
  • Child Development
  • Play Stage
  • Game Stage
  • Generalized Other
  • “I” and “Me”
  • Society
  • Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 16 • Alfred Schutz
  • The Ideas of Edmund Husserl
  • Science and the Social World
  • Life-World versus Science
  • Constructing Ideal Types
  • Typifications and Recipes
  • The Life-World
  • Intersubjectivity
  • Knowledge
  • Private Components of Knowledge
  • Realms of the Social World
  • Folgewelt and Vorwelt
  • Umwelt and We Relations
  • Mitwelt and They Relations
  • Consciousness, Meanings, and Motives
  • Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • Chapter 17 • Talcott Parsons
  • Parsons’s Integrative Efforts
  • General Principles
  • Philosophical and Theoretical Roots
  • Action Theory
  • Parsons’s Action Theory
  • The Turn Away from Action Theory
  • Need-Dispositions
  • Motivational Orientations
  • Value Orientations
  • Pattern Variables
  • AGIL
  • Consistency in Parsonsian Theory: Integration and Order
  • The Action System
  • Social System
  • Actors and the Social System
  • Cultural System
  • Personality System
  • Behavioral Organism
  • Change and Dynamism in Parsonsian Theory
  • Evolutionary Theory
  • Generalized Media of Interchange
  • Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
  • Summary
  • References
  • Name Index
  • Subject Index