Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development

Name: Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development
Price: 5090 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Spencer Rathus
ISBN: 9798214582399

Höfundur: Spencer Rathus (Útgáfa: 8)

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Packed with the latest updates from the field, Rathus/Rathus’ “Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development,” 8th Edition, walks students chronologically from infancy through the teen years, helping them connect developmental theories and research with their application to everyday life. With a fine-tuned pedagogical approach -- interspersed with personal and humorous stories -- the text captures the wonder of child and adolescent development, while portraying the field of development as the rigorous science that it is.

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Útgefandi: Cengage Learning US

ISBN: 9798214582399

Print ISBN: 9798214143484

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 8

Höfundar: Spencer Rathus

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2025-03-03

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Menntavísindi Sálfræði

Efnisflokkar: Menntun › Almennt Sálfræði › Barn Sálfræði › Barn og unglingur

Kaflar

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1. What Is Child Development?
Chapter 1. History, Theories, and Methods
1.1. What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with Terms
Why Do Researchers Study Child Development?
What Conceptualizations of Children Do We Find Throughout History?
1.2. Theories of Child Development
What Are Theories of Child Development?
What Is the Psychoanalytic Perspective on Child Development?
What Are the Learning Perspectives on Child Development?
What Is the Cognitive Perspective on Child Development?
What Is the Biological Perspective on Development?
What Is the Ecological Systems Theory of Child Development?
What Is the Sociocultural Perspective on Development?
1.3. Controversies in Child Development
Which Exerts the Greater Influence on Children: Nature or Nurture?
Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
Are Children Active (Prewired to Act on the World) or Passive (Shaped by Experience)?
1.4. How Do We Study Child Development?
What Is the Scientific Method?
What Methods of Observation Do Researchers Use to Gather Information About Children?
Correlation: What Does It Mean to Correlate Information?
What Is an Experiment? What Are an Experiment’s Advantages Over Correlation?
How Do Researchers Study Developments That Take Place Over the Years?
1.5. Ethical Considerations
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Part 2. Beginnings
Chapter 2. Heredity and Conception
2.1. The Influence of Heredity on Development: The Nature of Nature
What Are Chromosomes and Genes?
What Are Mitosis and Meiosis?
What Are Identical and Fraternal Twins?
What Are Dominant and Recessive Traits?
2.2. Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
What Kinds of Health Problems Are Caused by Chromosomal Variations?
What Kinds of Disorders Are Caused by Genetic Variations?
How Do Health Professionals Determine Whether Children Will Have Genetic or Chromosomal Disorders?
2.3. Heredity and the Environment: The Nature of Nurture
Reaction Range: What Is the Difference Between Our Genotypes and Our Phenotypes?
What Is Canalization?
What Is Meant by Genetic–Environmental Correlation?
How Do Researchers Sort Out the Effects of Genetics and Environmental Influences on Development? (Are the Traits of Relatives Related?)
Twin Studies: Looking in the Genetic Mirror
Adoption Studies
2.4. Conception: Against All Odds
Ova
Sperm Cells
2.5. Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology
What Are the Causes of Infertility?
How Are People with Fertility Problems Assisted in Becoming Parents?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Chapter 3. Prenatal Development
3.1. The Germinal Stage: Wanderings
Without Visible Means of Support?
3.2. The Embryonic Stage
Sexual Differentiation: How Do Some Babies Develop into Females and Others into Males?
What Is the Amniotic Sac? Why Is It Dubbed a “Shock Absorber”?
How Is the Embryo Nourished? How Does the Embryo Eliminate Waste Products?
3.3. The Fetal Stage
3.4. Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
How Does Nutrition of the Mother Affect Prenatal Development?
What Are Teratogens? Does It Matter When a Pregnant Woman Is Exposed to Them?
What Are the Effects of Drugs Taken by the Pregnant Woman on Prenatal Development?
What Are the Effects of Environmental Hazards During Pregnancy?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Chapter 4. Birth and the Newborn Baby
4.1. Stages of Childbirth
What Happens During the First Stage of Childbirth?
What Happens During the Second Stage of Childbirth?
What Happens During the Third Stage of Childbirth?
4.2. Methods of Childbirth
How Is Anesthesia Used in Childbirth?
What About Hypnosis and Biofeedback?
What Is Prepared Childbirth?
Why Are Cesarean Sections Used So Widely? What Are Their Pluses and Minuses?
Is Home Birth Too Risky, or Is It Something to Consider?
4.3. Birth Problems
What Are the Effects of Oxygen Deprivation at Birth?
What Are the Risks in Being Born Preterm or Low in Birth Weight?
4.4. The Postpartum Period
What Kinds of Psychological Problems Are Encountered During the Postpartum Period?
How Critical Is Parental Interaction with Neonates in the Formation of Bonds of Attachment?
4.5. Characteristics of Neonates
How Do Health Professionals Assess the Health of Neonates?
What Are Reflexes? What Reflexes Are Shown by Newborns?
How Well Do Neonates Sense the World Around Them?
On Really Early Childhood “Education”—Can Neonates Learn?
What Patterns of Sleep and Waking Are Found Among Neonates?
Why Do Babies Cry? What Can Be Done to Soothe Them?
4.6. Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
The Children’s Hospital Boston Study
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Part 3. Infancy
Chapter 5. Infancy: Physical Development
5.1. Physical Growth and Development
What Are the Sequences of Physical Development? Head First?
What Patterns of Growth Occur in Infancy?
5.2. Nutrition: Fueling Development
What Are the Pros and Cons of Breastfeeding Versus Bottle Feeding?
5.3. Development of the Brain and Nervous System
What Are Neurons? How Do They Develop?
How Does the Brain Develop?
How Do Nature and Nurture Interact to Affect the Development of the Brain?
5.4. Motor Development: How Moving
Lifting and Holding the Torso and Head: Heads Up?
Control of the Hands: Getting a Grip on Things?
Locomotion: Getting a Move On?
How Do Nature and Nurture Interact to Affect Motor Development?
5.5. Sensory and Perceptual Development: Taking In the World
Development of Vision: The Better to See You With
Visual Preferences: How Do You Capture an Infant’s Attention?
Development of Depth Perception: On Not Going Off the Deep End?
Development of Perceptual Constancies
Development of Hearing: The Better to Hear You With?
Development of Coordination of the Senses: If I See It, Can I Touch It?
Do Children Play an Active or a Passive Role in Perceptual Development?
What Is the Evidence for the Roles of Nature and Nurture in Perceptual Development?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Chapter 6. Infancy: Cognitive Development
6.1. Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget
What Is the Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development?
What Is Object Permanence? How Does It Develop?
What Are the Strengths and Limitations of Piaget’s Theory of Sensorimotor Development?
6.2. Information Processing
What Is the Capacity of the Memory of Infants?
Imitation: Infant See, Infant Do
6.3. Social Influences on Early Cognitive Development
6.4. Individual Differences in Cognitive Functioning Among Infants and Toddlers
Evaluating Infants: Why and with What?
How Well Do Infant Scales Predict Later Intellectual Performance?
What Is Visual Recognition Memory? How Is It Used to Enhance Predictability of Infant Intelligence?
6.5. Language Development
What Are Prelinguistic Vocalizations?
How Does the Child Develop Vocabulary?
How Do Infants Create Sentences? On Telegraphing Ideas
6.6. Theories of Language Development: Can You Make a Houseplant Talk?
How Do Learning Theorists Account for Language Development?
How Can Adults Enhance Language Development in Children?
How Does Psycholinguistic Theory Explain Language Development?
What Is the Emergentist Theory of Language Development?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Chapter 7. Infancy: Social and Emotional Development
7.1. Attachment: Bonds That Endure
Patterns of Attachment: What Does It Mean for a Child to Be “Secure” or “Insecure”?
What Are the Roles of the Caregivers in the Formation of Bonds of Attachment?
How Stable Are Bonds of Attachment?
What Are The Stages of Attachment?
What Are the Theories of Attachment? How Does Each Emphasize Nature or Nurture in its Explanation of the Development of Attachment?
7.2. Issues in Attachment: Social Deprivation, Child Abuse, and Autism Spectrum Disorder
What Are the Effects of Social Deprivation on Child Development?
How Common Are Child Abuse and Neglect? What Are Their Effects?
What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder? On Being Alone Among the Crowd
7.3. Day Care
7.4. Emotional Development
Is Emotional Development Linked to Patterns of Attachment?
What Is Meant by Stranger Anxiety? Is It Something to Worry About?
Social Referencing: What Should I Do Now?
How Do Infants Regulate Their Emotions?
7.5. Personality Development
What Is the Self-Concept? How Does It Develop?
Temperament: Easy, Difficult, or Slow to Warm Up
7.6. Sex Differences
What Are the Differences in Behavior Between Infant Girls and Boys?
Do Adults Behave Differently in Their Interactions with Infant Girls and Boys?
Do Parents Treat Their Infant Sons and Daughters Differently?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Part 4. Early Childhood
Chapter 8. Early Childhood: Physical Development
8.1. Growth Patterns
What Changes Occur in Height and Weight During Early Childhood?
How Does the Brain Develop During Early Childhood?
Are Some Children Right-Brained and Others Left-Brained?
What Is Meant by Plasticity of the Brain?
8.2. Motor Development
How Do Gross Motor Skills Develop in Early Childhood?
How Do Fine Motor Skills Develop in Early Childhood?
When Does Handedness Emerge? Are There Advantages or Disadvantages to Being Left-Handed?
8.3. Nutrition
What Are Children’s Nutritional Needs in Early Childhood?
What Are Children’s Patterns of Eating?
8.4. Health and Illness
What Minor Illnesses Do Children Develop in Early Childhood?
What Major Illnesses Do Children Encounter?
What Are the Leading Causes of Death Among Children in the United States?
8.5. Sleep
What Sleep Disorders Affect Children?
8.6. Elimination Disorders
What Is Enuresis?
What Is Encopresis?
Chapter Review
Test Your Learning
Chapter 9. Early Childhood: Cognitive Development
9.1. Jean Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
How Do Children in the Preoperational Stage Think and Behave?
What Is Symbolic or Pretend Play?
What Are Imaginary Companions?
What Are “Operations”?
Egocentrism: Why Do Young Children Think “It’s All About Me”?
Causality: Why? Because!
How Do Young Children Confuse Mental and Physical Events? On “Galaprocks” and Dreams That Are Real
How Many Dimensions of a Problem Do Young Children Focus on at Once?
What Is Meant By Conservation? (Hint: We’re Not Talking About the Environment)
What Do Young Children Put in Their Classes? On Class Inclusion
How Accurately Do Piaget’s Positions Represent Cognitive Development in Early Childhood?
9.2. Vygotsky’s Theory on Early Childhood Cognitive Development
What Are Scaffolding and the Zone of Proximal Development?
9.3. Other Factors in Early Childhood Cognitive Development: The Home Environment, Preschool, and Television
How Does the Home Environment Affect the Cognitive Development of Children?
How Do Preschool Educational Programs Affect Children’s Cognitive Development?
Preschool Media and Learning: Is Television a Window to the World or a Prison Within a False World?
What Are the Effects of Educational Television on Cognitive Development?
9.4. Theory of Mind: What Is the Mind? How Does It Work?
What Are Young Children’s Ideas About How the Mind Works?
On False Beliefs: Just Where Did Those Crayons Go?
On the Origins of Knowledge: Where Does It Come From?
The Appearance–Reality Distinction: Are Appearances at Some Ages More Deceiving Than at Others?
9.5. Development of Memory: Creating Files, Storing Them, and Retrieving Them
What Memory Skills Do Children Have in Early Childhood? How Do We Know?
How Competent Are Young Children’s Memories?
What Factors Influence Memory Skills in Early Childhood?
Memory Strategies: How Do Children Remember to Remember?
9.6. Language Development: Why “Daddy Goed Away”
Words, Words, and More Words—How Does Vocabulary Develop in Early Childhood?
Putting Words Together—How Does Grammar Develop in Early Childhood?
Pragmatics: Can Preschool Children Be Practical?
What Are the Connections Between Language and Cognition? Which Comes First: The Concept or the Word?
Chapter Review
Test Your Learning
Chapter 10. Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development
10.1. Influences on Development: Parents, Siblings, and Peers
What Are the Dimensions of Childrearing?
How Do Parents Enforce Boundaries?
What Parenting Styles Are Involved in the Transmission of Values and Standards?
How Do the Situation and the Child Influence Parenting Styles?
How Do Siblings Influence Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood?
Birth Order: Just Where Is the Child in the Family?
How Do Peers Influence Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood?
10.2. Social Behavior: In the World, Among Others
What Are the Characteristics of Play? How Does Play Affect Children’s Development?
What Is Prosocial Behavior? How Does It Develop?
Aggression—The Dark Side of Social Interaction: How Does It Develop?
What Are the Causes of Aggression in Children?
10.3. Personality and Emotional Development
How Does the Self Develop During Early Childhood?
Initiative Versus Guilt
The Horrors of Early Childhood: What Sorts of Fears Do Children Have During the Preschool Years?
10.4. Development of Gender Identity, Gender-Role Stereotypes, and Gender Typing
What Is Gender Identity? How Does It Develop?
What Is Meant by the Term Transgender?
Why Do We Discuss Transgender People in a Chapter on Early Childhood?
What Is Gender Affirmation?
What Are the Determinants of Gender Identity?
What Are Gender Roles and Stereotypes?
How Do Gender-Role Stereotypes Develop?
What Is Gender Typing? What Are the Origins of Sex Differences?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Part 5. Middle Childhood
Chapter 11. Middle Childhood: Physical Development
11.1. Growth Patterns
What Patterns of Growth Occur in Middle Childhood?
How Does the Brain Develop in Middle Childhood?
What Are the Sex Similarities and Differences in Physical Growth During Middle Childhood?
How Do Vision and Hearing Develop During Middle Childhood?
11.2. Nutrition and Growth in Middle Childhood
What Does a Healthy Diet Look Like?
How Many Children in the United States Have Overweight or Obesity?
What Are the Causes of Obesity?
11.3. Childhood Asthma
What Is the Prevalence of Asthma?
What Factors Increase the Risk of Developing Asthma?
How Is Asthma Treated?
11.4. Motor Development
How Do Gross Motor Skills Develop During Middle Childhood?
How Do Fine Motor Skills Develop During Middle Childhood?
What Are the Sex Similarities and Differences in Motor Development During Middle Childhood?
Are Children in the United States Physically Fit? If Not, Why Not?
What Can Be Done During Middle Childhood to Improve Physical Fitness?
11.5. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
What Is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
How Does Refusal to Listen to Adults Differ from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Is ADHD Overdiagnosed?
What Are the Causes of ADHD?
How Do Health Professionals Treat ADHD?
What Are Specific Learning Disorders
What Are Communication Disorders?
Should Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders Be Placed in Regular Classrooms (That Is, “Mainstreamed”)?
Chapter Review
Test Your Learning
Chapter 12. Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development
12.1. Jean Piaget: The Concrete-Operational Stage
What Is Meant by the Stage of Concrete Operations?
Can We Apply Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development to Educational Practices?
12.2. Moral Development: The Child as Judge
What Is Piaget’s Theory on the Development of Moral Reasoning?
What Is Kohlberg’s Theory on the Development of Moral Reasoning?
12.3. Information Processing: Learning, Remembering, Problem Solving
How Do Children Develop Selective Attention?
What Developments Occur in the Storage and Retrieval of Information During Middle Childhood?
What Do Children Understand About the Functioning of Their Cognitive Processes and, More Particularly, Their Memory?
12.4. Intellectual Development, Creativity, and Achievement
What Is Intelligence?
What Are the Various Factor Theories of Intelligence?
What Is Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
What Is the Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
What Are Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence?
How Do We Measure Intellectual Development?
Why Do So Many Psychologists and Educators Consider Standard Intelligence Tests to Be Culturally Biased?
What Are the Various Patterns of Intellectual Development?
How Do Children Differ in Their Intellectual Development?
What Is Creativity? How Does Creativity Relate to Overall Intellectual Development?
What Is the Relationship Between Creativity and Intelligence?
What Are the Roles of Nature (Heredity) and Nurture (Environmental Influences) in the Development of Intelligence?
12.5. Language Development
How Do Children’s Vocabulary and Grammar Develop in Middle Childhood?
What Cognitive Skills Are Involved in Reading?
What Does Research Reveal About the Advantages and Disadvantages of Bilingualism?
Chapter Review
Test Your Learning
Chapter 13. Middle Childhood: Social and Emotional Development
13.1. Theories of Social and Emotional Development in Middle Childhood
What Does Psychoanalytic Theory Say About Middle Childhood?
What Does Social Cognitive Theory Say About Middle Childhood?
What Does Cognitive-Developmental Theory Say About Middle Childhood?
How Does the Self-Concept Develop During Middle Childhood?
13.2. The Family
What Challenges Are Involved in Parent–Child Relationships During Middle Childhood?
What Happens to Children Whose Parents Separate?
What Are the Effects of Parental Employment on Children?
13.3. Peer Relationships
What Is the Influence of Peers During Middle Childhood?
How Do Children’s Concepts of Friendship Develop During Middle Childhood?
13.4. The School Environment
What Are the Effects of the School Environment on Children’s Social and Emotional Development?
What Is It Like for Children to Enter School? Getting to Know You
What Are the Characteristics of a Good School?
13.5. Social and Emotional Challenges
What Are Conduct Disorders?
What Is Childhood Depression? What Can We Do About It?
What Are the Features of Anxiety During Middle Childhood?
13.6. Child Sexual Abuse and Assault
How Can We Prevent the Sexual Abuse of Children?
Chapter Review
Test Your Learning
Part 6. Adolescence
Chapter 14. Adolescence: Physical Development
14.1. Adolescence
How Do We Define Adolescence?
14.2. Puberty: The Biological Eruption
What Are the Roles of Hormones in Puberty?
What Is the Adolescent Growth Spurt?
What Pubertal Changes Occur in Males?
What Pubertal Changes Occur in Females?
Early Versus Late Maturers: Does It Matter When You Arrive, as Long as You Do?
How Do Adolescents Feel About Their Bodies?
14.3. Brain Development
14.4. Emerging Sexuality and the Risks of Sexually Transmitted Infections
What Kinds of STIs Are There?
What Factors Place Adolescents at Risk for Contracting STIs?
Given the Threat of HIV/AIDS and Other STIs, What Can Be Done to Prevent Them?
14.5. Health in Adolescence
How Healthy Are U.S. Adolescents?
What Are the Causes of Death Among Adolescents?
How Much Sleep Do Adolescents Need?
What Are the Nutritional Needs of Adolescents? What Do Adolescents Actually Eat?
14.6. Eating Disorders: When Dieting Turns Deadly
What Is Anorexia Nervosa?
What Is Bulimia Nervosa?
What Is Binge-Eating Disorder?
What Are the Origins of Eating Disorders?
How Do We Treat and Prevent Eating Disorders?
14.7. Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders
What Are the Effects of Depressants?
What Are the Effects of Stimulants?
What Are the Effects of Hallucinogens?
What Factors Are Associated with Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders?
How Do We Treat and Prevent Substance Abuse?
Chapter Review
Test Your Learning
Chapter 15. Adolescence: Cognitive Development
15.1. The Adolescent in Thought: My, My, How “Formal”
What Are Formal Operations? What Happens During Jean Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations?
Are Adolescents Egocentric? How Is Adolescent Egocentrism Related to the Imaginary Audience and the Personal Fable?
15.2. Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities
Are There Sex Differences in Verbal Abilities?
Are There Sex Differences in Visual–Spatial Abilities?
Are There Sex Differences in Mathematical Ability?
15.3. The Adolescent in Judgment: Moral Development
What Is Kohlberg’s Theory on Moral Reasoning in Adolescence?
What Is the Postconventional Level of Moral Development?
What Are the Cultural Differences in Moral Development?
Are There Sex Differences in Moral Development?
On Moral Behavior and Moral Reasoning: Is There a Relationship?
How, Then, Do We Evaluate Kohlberg’s Theory?
15.4. The Adolescent in School
How Do Adolescents Make the Transition from Elementary School to Middle, Junior High, or High School?
Why Do Adolescents Drop Out of School?
What Are the Consequences of Dropping Out of School?
How Can Psychologists and Educators Prevent Adolescents from Dropping Out of School?
15.5. The Adolescent at Work: Career Development and Work Experience
How Do Adolescents Make Career Choices?
How Many American Adolescents Hold Jobs? What Are the Pros and Cons of Adolescents Working?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Learning
Chapter 16. Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development
16.1. Development of Identity and the Self-Concept: “Who Am I?” (And Who Else?)
What Does Erik Erikson Have to Say About the Development of Identity During Adolescence?
What Are James Marcia’s “Identity Statuses”?
What Are the Connections Between Race, Ethnicity, and Other Sociocultural Factors—Such as Gender—and Identity?
What Are the Stages in Developing One’s Racial or Ethnic Identity?
Does the Development of Ego Identity Differ in Men and Women?
How Does the Self-Concept Develop During Adolescence?
What Happens to Self-Esteem During Adolescence: Does It Decrease? Increase?
16.2. Relationships with Parents and Peers
How Do Relationships with Parents Change During Adolescence?
How Do Relationships with Peers Change During Adolescence?
16.3. Sexuality: When? What? How? Who? Where? and Why?—Not to Mention, “Should I?”
How Common Is Masturbation Among Adolescents?
How Does One’s Sexual Orientation Develop During Adolescence?
How Does Male–Female Sexual Behavior Develop During Adolescence?
What Are the Effects of Puberty on Adolescent Sexual Behavior?
How Do Relationships with Parents Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior?
How Do Relationships with Peers Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior?
What Are the Causes and Effects of Teenage Pregnancy in Our Society?
What Do We Know About Adolescents’ Use of Pornography?
16.4. Youths Who Offend
What Are the Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in the Incidence of Youth Offenses? Why Do They Occur?
Who Are Youth Who Offend? What Are They Like?
How Can We Prevent Youth from Offending?
16.5. Generation Z and Stress in America
16.6. Suicide: When the Adolescent Has Nothing—Except Everything—to Lose
How Many Adolescents Die by Suicide?
What Prompts Adolescents to Take Their Own Lives? Who Is Most at Risk?
16.7. Epilogue: Emerging Adulthood—Bridge Between Adolescence and the Life Beyond
What Is Emerging Adulthood?
What Are the Features of Emerging Adulthood?
What Are Erik Erikson’s Positions on Emerging Adulthood?
Chapter Review
Scoring Key for Self-Assessment
Test Your Learning
References