Campbell Biology in Focus, Global Edition

Höfundar: Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky (Útgáfa: 4)
Campbell Biology in Focus, Global Edition

Kaup valmöguleikar

A modern classic Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics continues to improve on the features that have made it the market leader. It offers a flexible organization, enabling instructors to adapt the book to their particular courses. The book is both complete and careful, and it continues to maintain its emphasis on algorithms and applications. Excellent exercise sets allow students to perfect skills as they practice.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Pearson International Content
ISBN
9781292753065
Print ISBN
9781292485218
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
4
Höfundar
Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2025-07-23
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Cover
  • Front Matter
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • About the Authors
  • Preface
  • Organization and New Content
  • Instructor Resources
  • Student and Lab Supplements
  • Acknowledgments
  • Reviewers
  • List of Videos in This eTextbook
  • Contents
  • Unit Overview
  • Detailed Contents
  • Special Features
  • Scientific Skills and Problem-Solving Exercises
  • Featured Figures
  • Chapter 1: Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
  • Chapter Overview: Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology
  • 1.1: The study of life reveals unifying themes
  • 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
  • 1.3: In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses
  • Chapter 1: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 1: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 1: Chemistry and Cells
  • Unit 1: Chemistry and Cells
  • Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
  • Chapter Overview: The Chemical Context of Life
  • 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
  • 2.2: An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
  • 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
  • 2.4: Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
  • 2.5: Hydrogen bonding gives water properties that help make life possible on Earth
  • Chapter 2: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 2: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
  • Chapter Overview: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
  • 3.1: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
  • 3.2: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
  • 3.3: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
  • 3.4: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
  • 3.5: Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
  • 3.6: Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
  • 3.7: Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications
  • Chapter 3: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 3: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
  • Chapter Overview: A Tour of the Cell
  • 4.1: Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry to study cells
  • 4.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
  • 4.3: The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
  • 4.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
  • 4.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
  • 4.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
  • 4.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
  • 4.8: A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
  • Chapter 4: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 4: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 5: Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling
  • Chapter Overview: Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling
  • 5.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
  • 5.2: Membrane structure results in selective permeability
  • 5.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
  • 5.4: Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
  • 5.5: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
  • 5.6: The plasma membrane plays a key role in most cell signaling
  • Chapter 5: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 5: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 6: An Introduction to Metabolism
  • Chapter Overview: An Introduction to Metabolism
  • 6.1: An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy
  • 6.2: The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
  • 6.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions
  • 6.4: Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
  • 6.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
  • Chapter 6: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 6: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
  • Chapter Overview: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
  • 7.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
  • 7.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
  • 7.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
  • 7.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
  • 7.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
  • 7.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
  • Chapter 7: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 7: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 8: Photosynthesis
  • Chapter Overview: Photosynthesis
  • 8.1: Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere
  • 8.2: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
  • 8.3: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
  • 8.4: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
  • 8.5: Life depends on photosynthesis
  • Chapter 8: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 8: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle
  • Chapter Overview: The Cell Cycle
  • 9.1: Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
  • 9.2: The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
  • 9.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
  • Chapter 9: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 9: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 2: Genetics
  • Unit 2: Genetics
  • Chapter 10: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
  • Chapter Overview: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
  • 10.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
  • 10.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
  • 10.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
  • 10.4: Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
  • Chapter 10: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 10: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 11: Mendel and the Gene Idea
  • Chapter Overview: Mendel and the Gene Idea
  • 11.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
  • 11.2: Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance
  • 11.3: Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics
  • 11.4: Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
  • Chapter 11: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 11: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 12: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
  • Chapter Overview: The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
  • 12.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
  • 12.2: Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
  • 12.3: Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
  • 12.4: Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
  • Chapter 12: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 12: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 13: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • Chapter Overview: The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • 13.1: DNA is the genetic material
  • 13.2: Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
  • 13.3: A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
  • 13.4: Understanding DNA structure and replication makes genetic engineering possible
  • Chapter 13: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 13: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 14: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
  • Chapter Overview: Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein
  • 14.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
  • 14.2: Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: A Closer Look
  • 14.3: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
  • 14.4: Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: A Closer Look
  • 14.5: Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function
  • Chapter 14: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 14: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 15: Regulation of Gene Expression
  • Chapter Overview: Regulation of Gene Expression
  • 15.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
  • 15.2: Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated at many stages
  • 15.3: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
  • 15.4: Researchers can monitor expression of specific genes
  • Chapter 15: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 15: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 16: Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
  • Chapter Overview: Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
  • 16.1: A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
  • 16.2: Cloning of organisms showed that differentiated cells could be “reprogrammed” and ultimately led to the production of stem cells
  • 16.3: Abnormal regulation of genes that affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer
  • Chapter 16: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 16: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 17: Viruses
  • Chapter Overview: Viruses
  • 17.1: A virus consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
  • 17.2: Viruses replicate only in host cells
  • 17.3: Viruses and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
  • Chapter 17: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 17: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 18: Genomes and Their Evolution
  • Chapter Overview: Genomes and Their Evolution
  • 18.1: The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing techniques
  • 18.2: Scientists use bioinformatics to analyze genomes and their functions
  • 18.3: Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene density
  • 18.4: Multicellular eukaryotes have a lot of noncoding DNA and many multigene families
  • 18.5: Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
  • 18.6: Comparing genome sequences provides clues to evolution and development
  • Chapter 18: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 18: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 3: Evolution
  • Unit 3: Evolution
  • Chapter 19: Descent with Modification
  • Chapter Overview: Descent with Modification
  • 19.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
  • 19.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
  • 19.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
  • Chapter 19: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 19: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 20: Phylogeny
  • Chapter Overview: Phylogeny
  • 20.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
  • 20.2: Phylogenies can be used to understand shared characters
  • 20.3: Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
  • 20.4: Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
  • 20.5: New information continues to revise our understanding of evolutionary history
  • Chapter 20: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 20: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 21: The Evolution of Populations
  • Chapter Overview: The Evolution of Populations
  • 21.1: Genetic variation makes evolution possible
  • 21.2: The Hardy-Weinberg equation is a model of no evolution occurring for a given gene
  • 21.3: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
  • 21.4: Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
  • Chapter 21: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 21: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 22: The Origin of Species
  • Chapter Overview: The Origin of Species
  • 22.1: The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation
  • 22.2: Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
  • 22.3: Hybrid zones reveal factors that cause reproductive isolation
  • 22.4: Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
  • Chapter 22: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 22: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 23: Broad Patterns of Evolution
  • Chapter Overview: Broad Patterns of Evolution
  • 23.1: The fossil record documents life’s history
  • 23.2: The rise and fall of groups of organisms reflect differences in speciation and extinction rates
  • 23.3: Major changes in body form can result from changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes
  • 23.4: Evolution is not goal oriented
  • Chapter 23: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 23: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 4: The Evolutionary History of Life
  • Unit 4: The Evolutionary History of Life
  • Chapter 24: Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes
  • Chapter Overview: Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes
  • 24.1: Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
  • 24.2: Diverse structural and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
  • 24.3: Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
  • 24.4: Prokaryotes have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
  • 24.5: Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere
  • Chapter 24: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 24: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 25: The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
  • Chapter Overview: The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes
  • 25.1: Eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis more than 1.8 billion years ago
  • 25.2: Multicellularity has originated several times in eukaryotes
  • 25.3: Four “supergroups” of eukaryotes have been proposed based on morphological and molecular data
  • 25.4: Single-celled eukaryotes play key roles in ecological communities and affect human health
  • Chapter 25: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 25: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 26: The Colonization of Land
  • Chapter Overview: The Colonization of Land
  • 26.1: Fossils show that plants colonized land more than 470 million years ago
  • 26.2: Though not closely related to plants, fungi played a key role in the colonization of land
  • 26.3: Early plants radiated into a diverse set of lineages
  • 26.4: Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
  • 26.5: Plants and fungi fundamentally changed chemical cycling and biotic interactions
  • Chapter 26: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 26: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 27: The Rise of Animal Diversity
  • Chapter Overview: The Rise of Animal Diversity
  • 27.1: Animals originated more than 700 million years ago
  • 27.2: The diversity of large animals increased dramatically during the “Cambrian explosion”
  • 27.3: Diverse animal groups radiated in aquatic environments
  • 27.4: Vertebrates have been the ocean’s dominant predators for more than 400 million years
  • 27.5: Several animal groups had features facilitating their colonization of land
  • 27.6: Amniotes have key adaptations for life in a wide range of terrestrial environments
  • 27.7: Animals have transformed ecosystems and altered the course of evolution
  • Chapter 27: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 27: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 5: Plant Form and Function
  • Unit 5: Plant Form and Function
  • Chapter 28: Vascular Plant Structure and Growth
  • Chapter Overview: Vascular Plant Structure and Growth
  • 28.1: Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells
  • 28.2: Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth
  • 28.3: Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
  • 28.4: Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants
  • Chapter 28: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 28: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 29: Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants
  • Chapter Overview: Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants
  • 29.1: Adaptations for acquiring resources were key steps in the evolution of vascular plants
  • 29.2: Different mechanisms transport substances over short or long distances
  • 29.3: Plant roots absorb many types of essential elements from the soil
  • 29.4: Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms
  • 29.5: Transpiration drives the transport of water and minerals from roots to shoots via the xylem
  • 29.6: The rate of transpiration is regulated by stomata
  • 29.7: Sugars are transported from sources to sinks via the phloem
  • Chapter 29: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 29: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 30: Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants
  • Chapter Overview: Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants
  • 30.1: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle
  • 30.2: Flowering plants reproduce sexually, asexually, or both
  • 30.3: People modify crops through breeding and genetic engineering
  • Chapter 30: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 30: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 31: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
  • Chapter Overview: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
  • 31.1: Plants are highly sensitive to environmental stimuli that initiate specific behaviors
  • 31.2: Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
  • 31.3: Responses to light are critical for plant success
  • 31.4: Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
  • 31.5: Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
  • Chapter 31: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 31: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 6: Animal Form and Function
  • Unit 6: Animal Form and Function
  • Chapter 32: The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and Regulation
  • Chapter Overview: The Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and Regulation
  • 32.1: Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
  • 32.2:The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal physiology
  • 32.3: Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
  • 32.4: A shared system mediates osmoregulation and excretion in many animals
  • 32.5: The mammalian kidney’s ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation
  • Chapter 32: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 32: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 33: Animal Nutrition
  • Chapter Overview: Animal Nutrition
  • 33.1: An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
  • 33.2: Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
  • 33.3: Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
  • 33.4: Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
  • 33.5: Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy allocation, and appetite
  • Chapter 33: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 33: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 34: Circulation and Gas Exchange
  • Chapter Overview: Circulation and Gas Exchange
  • 34.1: Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
  • 34.2: Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
  • 34.3: Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
  • 34.4: Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
  • 34.5: Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
  • 34.6: Breathing ventilates the lungs
  • 34.7: Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
  • Chapter 34: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 34: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 35: The Immune System
  • Chapter Overview: The Immune System
  • 35.1: In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
  • 35.2: In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
  • 35.3: Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
  • Chapter 35: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 35: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 36: Reproduction and Development
  • Chapter Overview: Reproduction and Development
  • 36.1: Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
  • 36.2: Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
  • 36.3: The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates reproduction in mammals
  • 36.4: Development of an egg into a mature embryo requires fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis
  • Chapter 36: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 36: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 37: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
  • Chapter Overview: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
  • 37.1: Neuron structure and organization reflect function in information transfer
  • 37.2: Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron
  • 37.3: Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
  • 37.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
  • Chapter 37: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 37: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 38: Nervous and Sensory Systems
  • Chapter Overview: Nervous and Sensory Systems
  • 38.1: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
  • 38.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
  • 38.3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
  • 38.4: Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
  • 38.5: In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles
  • 38.6: The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light-absorbing pigments
  • Chapter 38: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 38: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior
  • Chapter Overview: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior
  • 39.1: Many behaviors rely on the actions of muscles
  • 39.2: Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
  • 39.3: Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
  • 39.4: Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
  • 39.5: Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
  • 39.6: Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior
  • Chapter 39: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 39: Test Your Understanding
  • Unit 7: Ecology
  • Unit 7: Ecology
  • Chapter 40: Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms
  • Chapter Overview: Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms
  • 40.1: Earth’s climate influences the distribution of terrestrial biomes
  • 40.2: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
  • 40.3: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
  • 40.4: Biotic and abiotic factors affect population density, dispersion, and demographics
  • 40.5: The exponential and logistic models describe the growth of populations
  • 40.6: Population dynamics are influenced strongly by life history traits and population density
  • Chapter 40: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 40: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 41: Ecological Communities
  • Chapter Overview: Ecological Communities
  • 41.1: Interactions between species may help, harm, or have no effect on the individuals involved
  • 41.2: Biological communities can be characterized by their diversity and trophic structure
  • 41.3: Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
  • 41.4: Biogeographic factors affect community diversity
  • 41.5: Pathogens alter community structure locally and globally
  • Chapter 41: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 41: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 42: Ecosystems and Energy
  • Chapter Overview: Ecosystems and Energy
  • 42.1: Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
  • 42.2: Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems
  • 42.3: Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
  • 42.4: Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients and water in ecosystems
  • 42.5: Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state
  • Chapter 42: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 42: Test Your Understanding
  • Chapter 43: Conservation Biology and Global Change
  • Chapter Overview: Conservation Biology and Global Change
  • 43.1: Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity
  • 43.2: Population conservation focuses on population size, genetic diversity, and critical habitat
  • 43.3: Landscape and regional conservation help sustain biodiversity
  • 43.4: Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions
  • 43.5: The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
  • 43.6: Sustainable development can improve human lives while conserving biodiversity
  • Chapter 43: Summary of Key Concepts
  • Chapter 43: Test Your Understanding
  • Appendix A: Answers
  • Appendix A: Answers
  • Chapter 1: Answers
  • Chapter 2: Answers
  • Chapter 3: Answers
  • Chapter 4: Answers
  • Chapter 5: Answers
  • Chapter 6: Answers
  • Chapter 7: Answers
  • Chapter 8: Answers
  • Chapter 9: Answers
  • Chapter 10: Answers
  • Chapter 11: Answers
  • Chapter 12: Answers
  • Chapter 13: Answers
  • Chapter 14: Answers
  • Chapter 15: Answers
  • Chapter 16: Answers
  • Chapter 17: Answers
  • Chapter 18: Answers
  • Chapter 19: Answers
  • Chapter 20: Answers
  • Chapter 21: Answers
  • Chapter 22: Answers
  • Chapter 23: Answers
  • Chapter 24: Answers
  • Chapter 25: Answers
  • Chapter 26: Answers
  • Chapter 27: Answers
  • Chapter 28: Answers
  • Chapter 29: Answers
  • Chapter 30: Answers
  • Chapter 31: Answers
  • Chapter 32: Answers
  • Chapter 33: Answers
  • Chapter 34: Answers
  • Chapter 35: Answers
  • Chapter 36: Answers
  • Chapter 37: Answers
  • Chapter 38: Answers
  • Chapter 39: Answers
  • Chapter 40: Answers
  • Chapter 41: Answers
  • Chapter 42: Answers
  • Chapter 43: Answers
  • Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements
  • Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements
  • Appendix C: The Metric System
  • Appendix C: The Metric System
  • Appendix D: A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope
  • Appendix D: A Comparison of the Light Microscope and the Electron Microscope
  • Appendix E: Classification of Life
  • Appendix E: Classification of Life
  • Appendix F: Scientific Skills Review
  • Appendix F: Scientific Skills Review
  • Appendix G: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes for Learning Vocabulary
  • Appendix G: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes for Learning Vocabulary
  • Credits
  • Credits
  • Math and Chemistry-Based Glossary
  • Math and Chemistry-Based Glossary
  • Glossary