Biology: Concepts and Investigations ISE

Name: Biology: Concepts and Investigations ISE
Price: 5150 ISK
Availability: InStock
Author: Mariëlle Hoefnagels
ISBN: 9781264743537

Höfundur: Mariëlle Hoefnagels (Útgáfa: 6)

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Biology: Concepts and Investigations, an introductory biology textbook suitable for either a one- or two-semester course, emphasizes deeper learning rather than just the memorization of facts. Requiring students to understand and apply course content is a guiding principle for passionate educator and author Mariëlle Hoefnagels. Biology: Concepts and Investigations is traditionally known for its art program, readable narrative, handy study tips, Investigating Life essays, tutorial animations, and concept maps.

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Útgefandi: McGraw-Hill Higher Education (International)

ISBN: 9781264743537

Print ISBN: 9781266934711

Format: ePub

Útgáfa: 6

Höfundar: Mariëlle Hoefnagels

Tungumál: English

Útgefið: 2024-07-01

Prent takmörkun á líftíma: 100

Prent takmörkun: 2

Afritunar takmörkun: 2

Flokkar: Náttúruvísindi

Efnisflokkar: Vísindi › Líffræði

Kaflar

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Meet Sharpen
Table of Contents and Preface
Cover Page
Title Page
BIOLOGY
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells
UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology
UNIT 3 The Evolution of Life
UNIT 4 The Diversity of Life
UNIT 5 Plant Life
UNIT 6 Animal Life
UNIT 7 The Ecology of Life
About the Author
Preface
Author’s Guide To Using This Textbook
The Learning Outline introduces the chapter's main headings and helps students keep the big picture in mind.
Concept maps help students see the big picture.
Learn How to Learn study tips help students develop their study skills.
Investigating Life describes a real experiment focusing on an evolutionary topic related to each chapter’s content.
The Chapter Summary highlights key points and terminology from the chapter.
Apply It Now boxes reinforce the applications of specific topics to the real world.
Write It Out and Mastering Concepts questions are useful for student review or as short in-class writing assignments.
Burning Questions cover topics that students wonder about.
Get the Picture questions help students learn to interpret images and graphs.
Figure It Out questions reinforce chapter concepts and typically have numeric answers (supporting student math skills).
Scientific Literacy questions reveal why biology matters to everyone.
Author’s Guide To Digital-Only Content
Videos embedded in the ebook narrative bring relevance, clarity, and motion to difficult concepts.
Answers to all chapter questions are found at the end of the question stem within the ebook.
Digital-only tables, miniglossaries, and figures expand on content from the print textbook.
Connect
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
Changes by Chapter
UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells
UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology
UNIT 3 The Evolution of Life
UNIT 4 The Diversity of Life
UNIT 5 Plant Life
UNIT 6 Animal Life
UNIT 7 The Ecology of Life
Contents
UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells
UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology
UNIT 3 The Evolution of Life
UNIT 4 The Diversity of Life
UNIT 5 Plant Life
UNIT 6 Animal Life
UNIT 7 The Ecology of Life
Chapter 1: The Scientific Study of Life
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Scientific Study of Life
1.1 What Is Life?
A. Life Is Organized
B. Life Requires Energy
C. Life Maintains Internal Constancy
D. Life Reproduces, Grows, and Develops
E. Life Evolves
1.2 The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
1.3 Scientists Study the Natural World
A. The Scientific Method Has Multiple Interrelated Parts
B. An Experimental Design Is a Careful Plan
C. Theories Are Comprehensive Explanations
D. Scientific Inquiry Has Limitations
E. Biology Continues to Advance
Investigating Life: 1.4 The Orchid and the Moth
1.4The Orchid and the Moth
Chapter Summary
1.1 What Is Life?
1.2 The Tree of Life Includes Three Main Branches
1.3 Scientists Study the Natural World
1.4 Investigating Life: The Orchid and the Moth
Get the Picture
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Scientific Literacy
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2 Introduction
Chemical Warfare
2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter
A. Elements Are Fundamental Types of Matter
B. Atoms Are Particles of Elements
C. Isotopes Have Different Numbers of Neutrons
2.2 Chemical Bonds Link Atoms
A. Electrons Determine Bonding
B. Positive and Negative Ions Attract in an Ionic Bond
C. In a Covalent Bond, Atoms Share Electrons
D. Partial Charges on Polar Molecules Make Hydrogen Bonds Possible
2.3 Water Is Essential to Life
A. Water Is Cohesive and Adhesive
B. Many Substances Dissolve in Water
C. Water Regulates Temperature
D. Water Expands as It Freezes
E. Water Participates in Life’s Chemical Reactions
2.4 Cells Have an Optimum pH
A. The pH Scale Expresses Acidity or Alkalinity
B. Buffers Regulate pH
2.5 Cells Contain Four Major Types of Organic Molecules
A. Large Organic Molecules Are Composed of Smaller Subunits
B. Carbohydrates Include Simple Sugars and Polysaccharides
C. Proteins Are Complex and Highly Versatile
D. Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Genetic Information
E. Lipids Are Hydrophobic and Energy Rich
Investigating Life: 2.6 Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield
2.6 Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield
Chapter Summary
2.1 Atoms Make Up All Matter
2.2 Chemical Bonds Link Atoms
2.3 Water Is Essential to Life
2.4 Cells Have an Optimum pH
2.5 Cells Contain Four Major Types of Organic Molecules
2.6 Investigating Life: Chemical Warfare on a Tiny Battlefield
Get the Picture
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Scientific Literacy
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Chapter 3: Cells
Chapter 3 Introduction
Your Cells May Live On
3.1 Cells Are the Units of Life
A. Simple Lenses Revealed the First Glimpses of Cells
B. The Cell Theory Emerges
C. Microscopes Magnify Cell Structures
D. All Cells Have Features in Common
3.2 Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three Domains
A. Domain Bacteria Contains Earth’s Most Abundant Organisms
B. Domain Archaea Includes Prokaryotes with Unique Biochemistry
C. Domain Eukarya Contains Organisms with Complex Cells
3.3 A Membrane Separates Each Cell from Its Surroundings
Tutorial: Anatomy of a Cell Membrane
3-D Animation: The Lipid Bilayer (Fluid Mosaic)
3.4 Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
A. The Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Interact to Secrete Substances
B. Lysosomes, Vacuoles, and Peroxisomes Are Cellular Digestion Centers
C. Mitochondria Extract Energy from Nutrients
D. Photosynthesis Occurs in Chloroplasts
3.5 The Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
A. Proteins Form the Cytoskeleton
B. Cilia and Flagella Help Cells Move
3.6 Cells Stick Together and Communicate with One Another
A. Animal Cell Junctions Occur in Several Forms
B. Plasmodesmata Are Channels in Plant Cell Walls
Investigating Life: 3.7 The Tiniest Compass
3.7 The Tiniest Compass
Chapter Summary
3.1 Cells Are the Units of Life
3.2 Different Cell Types Characterize Life’s Three Domains
3.3 A Membrane Separates Each Cell from Its Surroundings
3.4 Eukaryotic Organelles Divide Labor
3.5 The Cytoskeleton Supports Eukaryotic Cells
3.6 Cells Stick Together and Communicate with One Another
3.7 Investigating Life: The Tiniest Compass
Get the Picture
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Scientific Literacy
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Chapter 4: The Energy of Life
Chapter 4 Introduction
The Metabolic Spectrum
4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy
A. Energy Allows Cells to Do Life’s Work
B. The Laws of Thermodynamics Describe Energy Transfer
4.2 Networks of Chemical Reactions Sustain Life
A. Chemical Reactions Require Energy Input or Release Energy
B. Linked Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Form Electron Transport Chains
4.3 ATP Is Cellular Energy Currency
Tutorial: ATP
A. ATP’s Energy Drives Reactions That Require Energy Input
B. ATP Represents Short-Term Energy Storage
4.4 Enzymes Speed Biochemical Reactions
A. Enzymes Bring Reactants Together
B. Enzymes Have Partners
C. Cells Control Reaction Rates
4.5 Membrane Transport May Release Energy or Cost Energy
A. Passive Transport Does Not Require Energy Input
B. Active Transport Requires Energy Input
C. Endocytosis and Exocytosis Use Vesicles to Transport Substances
Investigating Life: 4.6 Energy Efficiency in an Electric Fish
4.6 Energy Efficiency in an Electric Fish
Chapter Summary
4.1 All Cells Capture and Use Energy
4.2 Networks of Chemical Reactions Sustain Life
4.3 ATP Is Cellular Energy Currency
4.4 Enzymes Speed Biochemical Reactions
4.5 Membrane Transport May Release Energy or Cost Energy
4.6 Investigating Life: Energy Efficiency in an Electric Fish
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Scientific Literacy
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Chapter 5: Photosynthesis
Chapter 5 Introduction
Conjuring Life Out of Thin Air
5.1 Life Depends on Photosynthesis
A. Photosynthesis Builds Carbohydrates Out of Carbon Dioxide and Water
B. Plants Use Carbohydrates in Many Ways
C. The Evolution of Photosynthesis Changed Planet Earth
5.2 Sunlight Is the Energy Source for Photosynthesis
A. What Is Light?
B. Photosynthetic Pigments Capture Light Energy
C. Chloroplasts Are the Sites of Photosynthesis
5.3 Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages
Tutorial: Overview of Photosynthesis
5.4 The Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis
3-D Animation: Light Reactions
Tutorial: Light Reactions
A. Light Striking Photosystem II Provides the Energy to Produce ATP
B. Electrons from Photosystem I Reduce NADP+ to NADPH
5.5 The Carbon Reactions Produce Carbohydrates
Tutorial: The Carbon Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
3-D Animation: Calvin Cycle
5.6 C3, C4, and CAM Plants Use Different Carbon Fixation Pathways
Investigating Life: 5.7 Solar-Powered Salamanders
5.7 Solar-Powered Salamanders
Chapter Summary
5.1 Life Depends on Photosynthesis
5.2 Sunlight Is the Energy Source for Photosynthesis
5.3 Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages
5.4 The Light Reactions Begin Photosynthesis
5.5 The Carbon Reactions Produce Carbohydrates
5.6 C3, C4, and CAM Plants Use Different Carbon Fixation Pathways
5.7 Investigating Life: Solar-Powered Salamanders
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Chapter 6: Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 6 Introduction
The Corn Syrup Controversy
6.1 Cells Use Energy in Food to Make ATP
6.2 Cellular Respiration Includes Three Main Processes
Tutorial: Overview of Respiration
6.3 In Eukaryotic Cells, Mitochondria Produce Most ATP
6.4 Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate
3-D Animation: Glycolysis
6.5 Aerobic Respiration Yields Abundant ATP
A. Pyruvate Is Oxidized to Acetyl CoA
B. The Krebs Cycle Produces ATP and High-Energy Electron Carriers
C. The Electron Transport Chain Drives ATP Formation
6.6 How Many ATPs Can One Glucose Molecule Yield?
6.7 Other Food Molecules Enter the Energy-Extracting Pathways
6.8 Some Energy Pathways Do Not Require Oxygen
A. Anaerobic Respiration Uses an Electron Acceptor Other Than O2
B. Fermenters Acquire ATP Only from Glycolysis
6.9 Photosynthesis and Respiration Are Ancient Pathways
Investigating Life: 6.10 Hot Plants Offer Heat Reward
6.10 Hot Plants Offer Heat Reward
Chapter Summary
6.1 Cells Use Energy in Food to Make ATP
6.2 Cellular Respiration Includes Three Main Processes
6.3 In Eukaryotic Cells, Mitochondria Produce Most ATP
6.4 Glycolysis Breaks Down Glucose to Pyruvate
6.5 Aerobic Respiration Yields Abundant ATP
6.6 How Many ATPs Can One Glucose Molecule Yield?
6.7 Other Food Molecules Enter the Energy-Extracting Pathways
6.8 Some Energy Pathways Do Not Require Oxygen
6.9 Photosynthesis and Respiration Are Ancient Pathways
6.10 Investigating Life: Hot Plants Offer Heat Reward
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Scientific Literacy
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Chapter 7: DNA Structure and Gene Function
Chapter 7 Introduction
DNA Structure and Gene Function
The Dawn of DNA Profiling
7.1 Experiments Identified the Genetic Material
A. Bacteria Can Transfer Genetic Information
B. Hershey and Chase Confirmed the Genetic Role of DNA
7.2 DNA Is a Double Helix of Nucleotides
3-D Animation: DNA Structure
7.3 DNA Contains the “Recipes” for a Cell’s Proteins
A. Protein Production Requires Transcription and Translation
B. RNA Is an Intermediary Between DNA and a Protein
7.4 Transcription Uses a DNA Template to Build RNA
A. Transcription Occurs in Three Steps
B. mRNA Is Altered in the Nucleus of Eukaryotic Cells
7.5 Translation Builds the Protein
A. The Genetic Code Links mRNA to Protein
B. Translation Requires mRNA, tRNA, and Ribosomes
C. Translation Occurs in Three Steps
D. Proteins Must Fold Correctly After Translation
7.6 Cells Regulate Gene Expression
A. Operons Are Groups of Bacterial Genes That Share One Promoter
B. Eukaryotic Organisms Use Many Regulatory Methods
7.7 Mutations Change DNA Sequences
A. Mutations Range from Silent to Devastating
B. What Causes Mutations?
C. Mutations May Pass to Future Generations
D. Mutations Are Important
Investigating Life: 7.8 Clues to the Origin of Language
7.8 Clues to the Origin of Language
Chapter Summary
7.1 Experiments Identified the Genetic Material
7.2 DNA Is a Double Helix of Nucleotides
7.3 DNA Contains the “Recipes” for a Cell’s Proteins
7.4 Transcription Uses a DNA Template to Build RNA
7.5 Translation Builds the Protein
7.6 Cells Regulate Gene Expression
7.7 Mutations Change DNA Sequences
7.8 Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language
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Chapter 8: DNA Replication, Binary Fission, and Mitosis
Chapter 8 Introduction
The Tallest and the Shortest
8.1 Cells Divide and Cells Die
A. Sexual Life Cycles Include Mitosis, Meiosis, and Fertilization
B. Cell Death Is Part of Life
8.2 DNA Replication Precedes Cell Division
3-D Animation: DNA Structure
Animation: DNA Replication Simplified
Animation: DNA Replication in Detail
Tutorial: DNA Replication
8.3 Prokaryotes Divide by Binary Fission
8.4 Chromosomes Condense Before Cell Division
8.5 Mitotic Division Generates Exact Cell Copies
Tutorial: Mitosis
A. DNA Is Copied During Interphase
B. Chromosomes Divide During Mitosis
C. The Cytoplasm Splits in Cytokinesis
8.6 Cancer Cells Divide Uncontrollably
A. Chemical Signals Regulate Cell Division
B. Cancer Cells Are Malignant
C. Cancer Cells Differ from Normal Cells in Many Ways
D. Cancer Treatments Remove or Kill Abnormal Cells
E. Lifestyle, Family History, and Age All Affect Cancer Risk
8.7 Apoptosis Is Programmed Cell Death
Investigating Life: 8.8 Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against Cancer
8.8 Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against Cancer
Chapter Summary
8.1 Cells Divide and Cells Die
8.2 DNA Replication Precedes Cell Division
8.3 Prokaryotes Divide by Binary Fission
8.4 Chromosomes Condense Before Cell Division
8.5 Mitotic Division Generates Exact Cell Copies
8.6 Cancer Cells Divide Uncontrollably
8.7 Apoptosis Is Programmed Cell Death
8.8 Investigating Life: Evolutionary Strategies in the Race Against Cancer
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Chapter 9: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Chapter 9 Introduction
Prenatal Diagnosis Highlights Ethical Dilemmas
9.1 Why Sex?
9.2 Diploid Cells Contain Two Homologous Sets of Chromosomes
Tutorial: Homologous Chromosomes
9.3 Meiosis Is Essential in Sexual Reproduction
A. Gametes Are Haploid Sex Cells
B. Specialized Germ Cells Undergo Meiosis
C. Meiosis Halves the Chromosome Number and Scrambles Alleles
9.4 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the Nucleus Divides Twice
Tutorial: Meiosis
A. In Meiosis I, Homologous Chromosomes Pair Up and Separate
B. Meiosis II Yields Four Haploid Nuclei
9.5 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability
Tutorial: Crossing Over and Independent Assortment
A. Crossing Over Shuffles Alleles
B. Homologous Pairs Are Oriented Randomly During Metaphase I
C. Fertilization Multiplies the Diversity
9.6 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions: A Summary
Tutorial: Mitosis and Meiosis Compared
9.7 Errors Sometimes Occur in Meiosis
A. Cells May Inherit Too Many or Too Few Chromosomes
B. Mismatches During Crossing Over Can Change Chromosome Structure
9.8 Haploid Nuclei Are Packaged into Gametes
A. In Humans, Gametes Form in Testes and Ovaries
B. In Plants, Gametophytes Produce Gametes
Investigating Life: 9.9 Evolving Germs Select for Sex in Worms
9.9 Evolving Germs Select for Sex in Worms
Chapter Summary
9.1 Why Sex?
9.2 Diploid Cells Contain Two Homologous Sets of Chromosomes
9.3 Meiosis Is Essential in Sexual Reproduction
9.4 In Meiosis, DNA Replicates Once, but the Nucleus Divides Twice
9.5 Meiosis Generates Enormous Variability
9.6 Mitosis and Meiosis Have Different Functions: A Summary
9.7 Errors Sometimes Occur in Meiosis
9.8 Haploid Nuclei Are Packaged into Gametes
9.9 Investigating Life: Evolving Germs Select for Sex in Worms
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Chapter 10: Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 10 Introduction
Babies in the Age of Biotech
10.1 Chromosomes Are Packets of Genetic Information: A Review
Tutorial: Homologous Chromosomes
10.2 Mendel’s Experiments Uncovered Basic Laws of Inheritance
A. Why Peas?
B. Dominant Alleles Appear to Mask Recessive Alleles
C. For Each Gene, a Cell’s Two Alleles May Be Identical or Different
D. Every Generation Has a Name
10.3 The Two Alleles of a Gene End Up in Different Gametes
A. The Simplest Punnett Squares Track the Inheritance of One Gene
B. Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Law of Segregation
10.4 Genes on Different Chromosomes Are Inherited Independently
A. Tracking Two-Gene Inheritance May Require Large Punnett Squares
B. Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
C. The Product Rule Is a Useful Shortcut
10.5 Genes on the Same Chromosome May Be Inherited Together
A. Genes on the Same Chromosome Are Linked
B. Studying Recombination Reveals Gene Order on Chromosomes
10.6 Inheritance Patterns Are Rarely Simple
A. Incomplete Dominance and Codominance Add Phenotype Classes
B. Relating Genotype to Phenotype May Be Difficult
10.7 Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Inheritance Patterns
A. X and Y Chromosomes Carry Sex-Linked Genes
B. X-Linked Recessive Conditions Affect More Males Than Females
C. In Female Mammals, X Inactivation Prevents “Double Dosing” of X-Linked Genes
10.8 Pedigrees Show Modes of Inheritance
10.9 Most Traits Are Influenced by the Environment and Multiple Genes
A. The Environment Can Alter the Phenotype
B. Polygenic Traits Depend on More Than One Gene
Investigating Life: 10.10 Heredity and the Hungry Hordes
10.10 Heredity and the Hungry Hordes
Chapter Summary
10.1 Chromosomes Are Packets of Genetic Information: A Review
10.2 Mendel’s Experiments Uncovered Basic Laws of Inheritance
10.3 The Two Alleles of a Gene End Up in Different Gametes
10.4 Genes on Different Chromosomes Are Inherited Independently
10.5 Genes on the Same Chromosome May Be Inherited Together
10.6 Inheritance Patterns Are Rarely Simple
10.7 Sex-Linked Genes Have Unique Inheritance Patterns
10.8 Pedigrees Show Modes of Inheritance
10.9 Most Traits Are Influenced by the Environment and Multiple Genes
10.10 Investigating Life: Heredity and the Hungry Hordes
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Genetics Problems
Scientific Literacy
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How to Solve a Genetics Problem
A. One Gene
B. Two Genes (Punnett Square)
C. Two Genes (Product Rule)
D. X-Linked Gene
E. Pedigrees
Chapter 11: DNA Technology
Chapter 11 Introduction
A Bright Future for Oranges
11.1 DNA Technology Is Changing the World
11.2 DNA Technology’s Tools Apply to Individual Genes or Entire Genomes
A. Transgenic Organisms Contain DNA from Multiple Sources
B. DNA Sequencing Reveals the Order of Bases
C. PCR Replicates DNA in a Test Tube
D. CRISPR Cuts and Edits Specific Genes
11.3 DNA Profiling Detects Genetic Differences
A. Home DNA-Testing Kits Identify Differences in Single Nucleotides
B. Short Tandem Repeats Are Useful in Criminal Justice
C. Mitochondrial DNA Traces the Maternal Lineage
11.4 Stem Cells and Cloning Add New Ways to Copy Cells and Organisms
A. Stem Cells Divide to Form Multiple Cell Types
B. Cloning Produces Identical Copies of an Organism
11.5 Many Medical Tests and Procedures Use DNA Technology
A. DNA Probes Detect Specific Sequences
B. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Can Screen Embryos for Some Diseases
C. Genetic Testing Can Detect Existing Diseases
D. Gene Therapy Uses DNA to Treat Disease
E. Medical Uses of DNA Technology Raise Many Ethical Issues
Investigating Life: 11.6 Weeds Get a Boost from Their Transgenic Cousins
11.6 Weeds Get a Boost from Their Transgenic Cousins
Chapter Summary
11.1 DNA Technology Is Changing the World
11.2 DNA Technology’s Tools Apply to Individual Genes or Entire Genomes
11.3 DNA Profiling Detects Genetic Differences
11.4 Stem Cells and Cloning Add New Ways to Copy Cells and Organisms
11.5 Many Medical Tests and Procedures Use DNA Technology
11.6 Investigating Life: Weeds Get a Boost from Their Transgenic Cousins
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Chapter 12: The Forces of Evolutionary Change
Chapter 12 Introduction
The Forces of Evolutionary Change
12.1 Evolution Acts on Populations
12.2 Evolutionary Thought Has Evolved for Centuries
A. Many Explanations Have Been Proposed for Life’s Diversity
B. Charles Darwin’s Voyage Provided a Wealth of Evidence
C. On the Origin of Species Proposed Natural Selection as an Evolutionary Mechanism
D. Evolutionary Theory Continues to Expand
12.3 Natural Selection Molds Evolution
A. Adaptations Enhance Reproductive Success
B. Natural Selection Eliminates Poorly Adapted Phenotypes
C. Natural Selection Does Not Have a Goal
D. What Does “Survival of the Fittest” Mean?
12.4 Evolution Is Inevitable in Real Populations
A. At Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium, Allele Frequencies Do Not Change
B. In Reality, Allele Frequencies Always Change
12.5 Natural Selection Can Shape Populations in Many Ways
12.6 Sexual Selection Directly Influences Reproductive Success
12.7 Evolution Occurs in Several Additional Ways
A. Mutation Fuels Evolution
B. Genetic Drift Occurs by Chance
C. Nonrandom Mating Concentrates Alleles Locally
D. Gene Flow Moves Alleles Between Populations
Investigating Life: 12.8 Prized Plants Keep a Low Profile
12.8 Prized Plants Keep a Low Profile
Chapter Summary
12.1 Evolution Acts on Populations
12.2 Evolutionary Thought Has Evolved for Centuries
12.3 Natural Selection Molds Evolution
12.4 Evolution Is Inevitable in Real Populations
12.5 Natural Selection Can Shape Populations in Many Ways
12.6 Sexual Selection Directly Influences Reproductive Success
12.7 Evolution Occurs in Several Additional Ways
12.8 Investigating Life: Prized Plants Keep a Low Profile
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Chapter 13: Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 13 Introduction
Are Birds Dinosaurs?
13.1 Clues to Evolution Lie in the Earth, Body Structures, and Molecules
Tutorial: Evidence for Evolution
13.2 Fossils Record Evolution
A. Fossils Form in Many Ways
B. The Fossil Record Is Often Incomplete
C. The Age of a Fossil Can Be Estimated in Two Ways
13.3 Biogeography Considers Species’ Geographical Locations
A. The Theory of Plate Tectonics Explains Earth’s Shifting Continents
B. Species Distributions Reveal Evolutionary Events
13.4 Anatomical Comparisons May Reveal Common Descent
A. Homologous Structures Have a Shared Evolutionary Origin
B. Vestigial Structures Have Lost Their Functions
C. Convergent Evolution Produces Superficial Similarities
13.5 Embryonic Development Patterns Provide Evolutionary Clues
13.6 Molecules Reveal Relatedness
A. Comparing DNA and Protein Sequences May Reveal Close Relationships
B. Molecular Clocks Help Assign Dates to Evolutionary Events
Investigating Life: 13.7 Evolutionary Leaps for a Desert Rodent
13.7 Evolutionary Leaps for a Desert Rodent
Chapter Summary
13.1 Clues to Evolution Lie in the Earth, Body Structures, and Molecules
13.2 Fossils Record Evolution
13.3 Biogeography Considers Species’ Geographical Locations
13.4 Anatomical Comparisons May Reveal Common Descent
13.5 Embryonic Development Patterns Provide Evolutionary Clues
13.6 Molecules Reveal Relatedness
13.7 Investigating Life: Evolutionary Leaps for a Desert Rodent
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Chapter 14: Speciation and Extinction
Chapter 14 Introduction
Islands Provide Windows on Speciation and Extinction
14.1 What Is a Species?
A. Linnaeus Devised the Binomial Naming System
B. Species Can Be Defined Based on the Potential to Interbreed
14.2 Reproductive Barriers Cause Species to Diverge
A. Prezygotic Barriers Prevent Fertilization
B. Postzygotic Barriers Prevent the Development of Fertile Offspring
14.3 Spatial Patterns Define Three Types of Speciation
A. Allopatric Speciation Reflects a Geographical Barrier
B. Parapatric Speciation Occurs in Neighboring Regions
C. Sympatric Speciation Occurs in a Shared Habitat
D. Determining the Type of Speciation May Be Difficult
14.4 Speciation May Be Gradual or May Occur in Bursts
A. Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium Are Two Models of Speciation
B. Bursts of Speciation Occur During Adaptive Radiation
14.5 Extinction Marks the End of the Line
A. Many Factors Can Combine to Put a Species at Risk
B. Extinction Rates Have Varied over Time
C. Extinctions Are Accelerating
14.6 Biological Classification Systems Are Based on Common Descent
A. The Taxonomic Hierarchy Organizes Species into Groups
B. A Cladistics Approach Is Based on Shared Derived Traits
C. Cladograms Depict Hypothesized Evolutionary Relationships
D. Many Traditional Groups Are Not Clades
Investigating Life: 14.7 Plant Protection Rackets May Stimulate Speciation
14.7 Plant Protection Rackets May Stimulate Speciation
Chapter Summary
14.1 What Is a Species?
14.2 Reproductive Barriers Cause Species to Diverge
14.3 Spatial Patterns Define Three Types of Speciation
14.4 Speciation May Be Gradual or May Occur in Bursts
14.5 Extinction Marks the End of the Line
14.6 Biological Classification Systems Are Based on Common Descent
14.7 Investigating Life: Plant Protection Rackets May Stimulate Speciation
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Chapter 15: The Origin and History of Life
Chapter 15 Introduction
Human Variation, Human Similarity
15.1 Life’s Origin Remains Mysterious
Tutorial: Origin of Life
A. The First Organic Molecules May Have Formed in a Chemical “Soup”
B. Some Investigators Suggest an “RNA World”
C. Membranes Enclosed the Molecules
D. Early Life Changed Earth Forever
15.2 Eukaryotic Cells and Multicellularity Arose More Than a Billion Years Ago
A. Endosymbiosis Explains the Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
B. Multicellularity May Also Have Its Origin in Cooperation
15.3 Life’s Diversity Exploded in the Past 500 Million Years
A. The Strange Ediacarans Flourished Late in the Precambrian
B. Paleozoic Plants and Animals Emerged onto Land
C. Reptiles and Flowering Plants Thrived During the Mesozoic Era
D. Mammals Diversified During the Cenozoic Era
15.4 Fossils and DNA Tell the Human Evolution Story
Tutorial: Evidence of Human Evolution
A. Humans Are Primates
B. Molecular Evidence Documents Primate Relationships
C. Human Evolution Is Partially Recorded in Fossils
D. Environmental Changes Have Spurred Human Evolution
E. Migration and Culture Have Changed Homo sapiens
Investigating Life: 15.5 What Makes Us Human?
15.5 What Makes Us Human?
Chapter Summary
15.1 Life’s Origin Remains Mysterious
15.2 Eukaryotic Cells and Multicellularity Arose More Than a Billion Years Ago
15.3 Life’s Diversity Exploded in the Past 500 Million Years
15.4 Fossils and DNA Tell the Human Evolution Story
15.5 Investigating Life: What Makes Us Human?
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Chapter 16: Viruses
Chapter 16 Introduction
Viruses
Viruses from Animals Can Trigger Deadly Pandemics
16.1 Viruses Are Genes Wrapped in a Protein Coat
A. Viruses Are Smaller and Simpler Than Cells
B. A Virus’s Host Range Consists of the Organisms It Infects
C. Are Viruses Alive?
16.2 Viral Replication Occurs in Five Stages
Tutorial: Viral Replication
16.3 Viruses May Kill Bacteria Immediately or Their DNA May “Hide” in the Cell
Tutorial: Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles
16.4 Illnesses Caused by Animal Viruses May Be Mild or Severe
A. Symptoms Result from Cell Death and the Immune Response
B. Some Animal Viruses Linger for Years
C. Drugs and Vaccines Help Fight Viral Infections
16.5 Viruses Cause Diseases in Plants
16.6 Viroids and Prions Are Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
A. A Viroid Is an Infectious RNA Molecule
B. A Prion Is an Infectious Protein
Investigating Life: 16.7 Scientific Detectives Follow HIV’s Trail
16.7 Scientific Detectives Follow HIV’s Trail
Chapter Summary
16.1 Viruses Are Genes Wrapped in a Protein Coat
16.2 Viral Replication Occurs in Five Stages
16.3 Viruses May Kill Bacteria Immediately or Their DNA May “Hide” in the Cell
16.4 Illnesses Caused by Animal Viruses May Be Mild or Severe
16.5 Viruses Cause Diseases in Plants
16.6 Viroids and Prions Are Other Noncellular Infectious Agents
16.7 Investigating Life: Scientific Detectives Follow HIV’s Trail
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Chapter 17: Bacteria and Archaea
Chapter 17 Introduction
“Mob Mentality” on a Microscopic Scale
17.1 Prokaryotes Are a Biological Success Story
17.2 Prokaryote Classification Traditionally Relies on Cell Structure and Metabolism
A. Microscopes Reveal Cell Structures
B. Metabolic Pathways May Be Useful in Classification
C. Molecular Data Reveal Evolutionary Relationships
D. Horizontal Gene Transfer Complicates Classification
17.3 Prokaryotes Include Two Domains with Enormous Diversity
A. Domain Bacteria Includes Many Familiar Groups
B. Many, but Not All, Archaea Are “Extremophiles”
17.4 Bacteria and Archaea Are Essential to All Life
A. Microbes Form Vital Links in Ecosystems
B. Bacteria and Archaea Live in and on Us
C. Humans Put Many Prokaryotes to Work
Investigating Life: 17.5 Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the Farm
17.5 Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the Farm
Chapter Summary
17.1 Prokaryotes Are a Biological Success Story
17.2 Prokaryote Classification Traditionally Relies on Cell Structure and Metabolism
17.3 Prokaryotes Include Two Domains with Enormous Diversity
17.4 Bacteria and Archaea Are Essential to All Life
17.5 Investigating Life: Bacterial Evolution Goes “Hog Wild” on the Farm
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Chapter 18: Protists
Chapter 18 Introduction
A Protistan Mystery
18.1 Protists Lie at the Crossroads Between Simple and Complex Organisms
A. What Is a Protist?
B. Protists Are Important in Many Ways
C. Protists Have a Lengthy Evolutionary History
18.2 Algae Are Photosynthetic Protists
A. Euglenoids Are Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
B. Dinoflagellates Are “Whirling Cells”
C. Golden Algae, Diatoms, and Brown Algae Contain Yellowish Pigments
D. Red Algae Can Live in Deep Water
E. Green Algae Are the Closest Relatives of Land Plants
18.3 Some Heterotrophic Protists Resemble Fungi
A. Slime Molds Are Unicellular and Multicellular
B. Water Molds Are Decomposers and Parasites
18.4 Protozoa Are Diverse Heterotrophic Protists
A. Several Flagellated Protozoa Cause Disease
B. Amoeboid Protozoa Produce Pseudopodia
C. Ciliates Are Common Protozoa with Complex Cells
D. Apicomplexans Include Nonmotile Animal Parasites
18.5 Protist Classification Is Changing Rapidly
Investigating Life: 18.6 Shining a Spotlight on Danger
18.6 Shining a Spotlight on Danger
Chapter Summary
18.1 Protists Lie at the Crossroads Between Simple and Complex Organisms
18.2 Algae Are Photosynthetic Protists
18.3 Some Heterotrophic Protists Resemble Fungi
18.4 Protozoa Are Diverse Heterotrophic Protists
18.5 Protist Classification Is Changing Rapidly
18.6 Investigating Life: Shining a Spotlight on Danger
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Chapter 19: Plants
Chapter 19 Introduction
Peat Moss, Pot Scrubbers, and Drugs: The Many Uses of Plants
19.1 Plants Have Changed the World
A. Green Algae Are the Closest Relatives of Plants
B. Plants Are Adapted to Life on Land
19.2 Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
A. Bryophytes Lack Vascular Tissue
B. Bryophytes Have a Conspicuous Gametophyte
19.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Have Xylem and Phloem but No Seeds
A. Seedless Vascular Plants Include Ferns and Their Close Relatives
B. Seedless Vascular Plants Have a Conspicuous Sporophyte and Swimming Sperm
19.4 Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
A. Gymnosperms Include Conifers and Three Related Groups
B. Conifers Produce Pollen and Seeds in Cones
19.5 Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
A. Most Angiosperms Are Eudicots or Monocots
B. Flowers and Fruits Are Unique to the Angiosperm Life Cycle
C. Wind and Animals Often Participate in Angiosperm Reproduction
Investigating Life: 19.6 Genetic Messages from Ancient Ecosystems
19.6 Genetic Messages from Ancient Ecosystems
Chapter Summary
19.1 Plants Have Changed the World
19.2 Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
19.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Have Xylem and Phloem but No Seeds
19.4 Gymnosperms Are “Naked Seed” Plants
19.5 Angiosperms Produce Seeds in Fruits
19.6 Investigating Life: Genetic Messages from Ancient Ecosystems
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Chapter 20: Fungi
Chapter 20 Introduction
The Mushroom Mystique
20.1 Fungi Are Essential Decomposers
A. Fungi Are Eukaryotic Heterotrophs That Digest Food Externally
B. Fungal Classification Is Traditionally Based on Reproductive Structures
20.2 Chytridiomycetes Produce Swimming Spores
20.3 Zygomycetes Are Fast-Growing and Prolific
20.4 Glomeromycetes Colonize Living Plant Roots
20.5 Ascomycetes Are the Sac Fungi
20.6 Basidiomycetes Are the Familiar Club Fungi
Tutorial: Basidiomycete Reproductive Cycle
20.7 Fungi Interact with Other Organisms
A. Endophytes Colonize Plant Tissues
B. Mycorrhizal Fungi Exchange Materials with Roots
C. Some Ants Cultivate Fungi
D. Lichens Are Dual Organisms
Investigating Life: 20.8 The Battle for Position in Cacao Tree Leaves
20.8 The Battle for Position in Cacao Tree Leaves
Chapter Summary
20.1 Fungi Are Essential Decomposers
20.2 Chytridiomycetes Produce Swimming Spores
20.3 Zygomycetes Are Fast-Growing and Prolific
20.4 Glomeromycetes Colonize Living Plant Roots
20.5 Ascomycetes Are the Sac Fungi
20.6 Basidiomycetes Are the Familiar Club Fungi
20.7 Fungi Interact with Other Organisms
20.8 Investigating Life: The Battle for Position in Cacao Tree Leaves
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Chapter 21: Animals
Chapter 21 Introduction
Animal Products in Processed Foods
21.1 Animals Live Nearly Everywhere
A. What Is an Animal?
B. Animal Life Began in the Water
C. Animal Features Reflect Shared Ancestry
D. Biologists Also Consider Additional Characteristics
21.2 Sponges Are Simple Animals That Lack Differentiated Tissues
21.3 Cnidarians Are Radially Symmetrical, Aquatic Animals
Hydra
Jellyfish
21.4 Flatworms Have Bilateral Symmetry and Incomplete Digestive Tracts
21.5 Mollusks Are Soft, Unsegmented Animals
Nudibranch (Sea Slug)
Snail
Octopus
21.6 Annelids Are Segmented Worms
Earthworm
21.7 Nematodes Are Unsegmented, Cylindrical Worms
Nematode
21.8 Arthropods Have Exoskeletons and Jointed Appendages
A. Arthropods Have Complex Organ Systems
B. Arthropods Are the Most Diverse Animals
21.9 Echinoderm Adults Have Five-Part, Radial Symmetry
Sea Star Tube Feet
21.10 Most Chordates Are Vertebrates
A. Four Key Features Distinguish Chordates
B. Many Features Reveal Evolutionary Relationships Among Chordates
21.11 Tunicates and Lancelets Are Invertebrate Chordates
21.12 Hagfishes and Lampreys Are Craniates Lacking Jaws
21.13 Fishes Are Aquatic Vertebrates with Jaws, Gills, and Fins
Stingray
A. Cartilaginous Fishes Include Sharks, Skates, and Rays
B. Bony Fishes Include Two Main Lineages
C. Fishes Changed the Course of Vertebrate Evolution
21.14 Amphibians Lead a Double Life on Land and in Water
A. Amphibians Were the First Tetrapods
B. Amphibians Include Three Main Lineages
21.15 Reptiles Were the First Vertebrates to Thrive on Dry Land
A. Nonavian Reptiles Include Four Main Groups
B. Birds Are Warm, Feathered Reptiles
21.16 Mammals Are Warm, Furry Milk-Drinkers
A. Mammals Share a Common Ancestor with Reptiles
B. Mammals Lay Eggs or Bear Live Young
Investigating Life: 21.17 Evolving Backwards
21.17 Evolving Backwards
Chapter Summary
21.1 Animals Live Nearly Everywhere
21.2 Sponges Are Simple Animals That Lack Differentiated Tissues
21.3 Cnidarians Are Radially Symmetrical, Aquatic Animals
21.4 Flatworms Have Bilateral Symmetry and Incomplete Digestive Tracts
21.5 Mollusks Are Soft, Unsegmented Animals
21.6 Annelids Are Segmented Worms
21.7 Nematodes Are Unsegmented, Cylindrical Worms
21.8 Arthropods Have Exoskeletons and Jointed Appendages
21.9 Echinoderm Adults Have Five-Part, Radial Symmetry
21.10 Most Chordates Are Vertebrates
21.11 Tunicates and Lancelets Are Invertebrate Chordates
21.12 Hagfishes and Lampreys Are Craniates Lacking Jaws
21.13 Fishes Are Aquatic Vertebrates with Jaws, Gills, and Fins
21.14 Amphibians Lead a Double Life on Land and in Water
21.15 Reptiles Were the First Vertebrates to Thrive on Dry Land
21.16 Mammals Are Warm, Furry Milk-Drinkers
21.17 Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards
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Chapter 22: Plant Form and Function
Chapter 22 Introduction
Plant Form and Function
22.1 Vegetative Plant Parts Include Stems, Leaves, and Roots
22.2 Plant Cells Build Tissues
A. Plants Have Three Main Tissue Systems
B. Plants Have Several Cell Types
22.3 Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots
A. Stems Support Leaves
B. Leaves Are the Primary Organs of Photosynthesis
C. Roots Absorb Water and Minerals and Anchor the Plant
22.4 Plants Have Flexible Growth Patterns, Thanks to Meristems
A. Plants Grow by Adding New Modules
B. Plant Growth Occurs at Meristems
C. In Primary Growth, Apical Meristems Lengthen Stems and Roots
D. In Secondary Growth, Lateral Meristems Thicken Stems and Roots
Investigating Life: 22.5 An Army of Tiny Watchdogs
22.5 An Army of Tiny Watchdogs
Chapter Summary
22.1 Vegetative Plant Parts Include Stems, Leaves, and Roots
22.2 Plant Cells Build Tissues
22.3 Tissues Build Stems, Leaves, and Roots
22.4 Plants Have Flexible Growth Patterns, Thanks to Meristems
22.5 Investigating Life: An Army of Tiny Watchdogs
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Chapter 23: Plant Nutrition and Transport
Chapter 23 Introduction
Carnivorous Plants
23.1 Soil and Air Provide Water and Nutrients
A. Plants Require 16 Essential Elements
B. Soils Have Distinct Layers
C. Leaves and Roots Absorb Essential Elements
23.2 Water and Minerals Are Pulled Up to Leaves in Xylem
A. Water Evaporates from Leaves in Transpiration
B. Water and Dissolved Minerals Enter at the Roots
C. Xylem Transport Relies on Cohesion
D. The Cuticle and Stomata Help Conserve Water
23.3 Sugars Are Pushed in Phloem to Nonphotosynthetic Cells
A. Phloem Sap Contains Sugars and Other Organic Compounds
B. The Pressure Flow Theory Explains Phloem Function
23.4 Parasitic Plants Tap into Another Plant’s Vascular Tissue
Investigating Life: 23.5 The Hidden Cost of Traps
23.5 The Hidden Cost of Traps
Chapter Summary
23.1 Soil and Air Provide Water and Nutrients
23.2 Water and Minerals Are Pulled Up to Leaves in Xylem
23.3 Sugars Are Pushed in Phloem to Nonphotosynthetic Cells
23.4 Parasitic Plants Tap into Another Plant’s Vascular Tissue
23.5 Investigating Life: The Hidden Cost of Traps
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Chapter 24: Reproduction and Development of Flowering Plants
Chapter 24 Introduction
Imperiled Pollinators
24.1 Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually and Sexually
A. Asexual Reproduction Yields Clones
B. Sexual Reproduction Generates Variability
24.2 The Angiosperm Life Cycle Includes Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
Tutorial: Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
A. Flowers Are Reproductive Organs
B. The Pollen Grain and Embryo Sac Are Gametophytes
C. Pollination Brings Pollen to the Stigma
D. Double Fertilization Yields Zygote and Endosperm
E. A Seed Is an Embryo and Its Food Supply Inside a Seed Coat
F. The Fruit Develops from the Ovary
G. Fruits Protect and Disperse Seeds
24.3 Plant Growth Begins with Seed Germination
Germinating Wheat Seeds (Time Lapse)
24.4 Hormones Regulate Plant Growth and Development
A. Auxins and Cytokinins Are Essential for Plant Growth
B. Gibberellins, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid Influence Plant Development in Many Ways
C. Biologists Continue to Discover Additional Plant Hormones
24.5 Light Is a Powerful Influence on Plant Life
A. Phototropism Is Growth Toward Light
B. Phytochrome Regulates Seed Germination, Daily Rhythms, and Flowering
24.6 Plants Respond to Gravity and Touch
Gravitropism Time Lapse (Roots Grow Down, Shoots Grow Up)
Thigmotropism (Time Lapse)
24.7 Plant Parts Die or Become Dormant
Growth from Buds (Time Lapse)
Investigating Life: 24.8 A Red Hot Chili Pepper Paradox
24.8 A Red Hot Chili Pepper Paradox
Chapter Summary
24.1 Angiosperms Reproduce Asexually and Sexually
24.2 The Angiosperm Life Cycle Includes Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds
24.3 Plant Growth Begins with Seed Germination
24.4 Hormones Regulate Plant Growth and Development
24.5 Light Is a Powerful Influence on Plant Life
24.6 Plants Respond to Gravity and Touch
24.7 Plant Parts Die or Become Dormant
24.8 Investigating Life: A Red Hot Chili Pepper Paradox
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Chapter 25: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Chapter 25 Introduction
Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
25.1 Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies
25.2 Animals Consist of Four Tissue Types
Tutorial: Animal Tissues
A. Epithelial Tissue Covers Surfaces
B. Most Connective Tissues Bind Other Tissues Together
C. Muscle Tissue Provides Movement
D. Nervous Tissue Forms a Rapid Communication Network
25.3 Organ Systems Are Interconnected
A. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Coordinate Communication
B. The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Support and Move the Body
C. The Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Help Acquire Energy
D. The Urinary, Integumentary, Immune, and Lymphatic Systems Protect the Body
E. The Reproductive System Produces the Next Generation
25.4 Organ System Interactions Promote Homeostasis
Tutorial: Organ System Interactions
Tutorial: An Example of Negative Feedback
25.5 The Integumentary System Regulates Temperature and Conserves Moisture
Investigating Life: 25.6 Vitamins and the Evolution of Human Skin Pigmentation
25.6 Vitamins and the Evolution of Human Skin Pigmentation
Chapter Summary
25.1 Specialized Cells Build Animal Bodies
25.2 Animals Consist of Four Tissue Types
25.3 Organ Systems Are Interconnected
25.4 Organ System Interactions Promote Homeostasis
25.5 The Integumentary System Regulates Temperature and Conserves Moisture
25.6 Investigating Life: Vitamins and the Evolution of Human Skin Pigmentation
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Chapter 26: The Nervous System
Chapter 26 Introduction
The Repercussions of Repeated Concussions
26.1 The Nervous System Forms a Rapid Communication Network
A. Invertebrates Have Nerve Nets, Nerve Ladders, or Nerve Cords
B. Vertebrate Nervous Systems Are Highly Centralized
26.2 Neurons Are Functional Units of a Nervous System
A. A Typical Neuron Consists of a Cell Body, Dendrites, and an Axon
B. The Nervous System Includes Three Classes of Neurons
26.3 Action Potentials Convey Messages
A. A Neuron at Rest Has a Negative Charge
B. A Neuron’s Membrane Potential Reverses During an Action Potential
C. The Myelin Sheath Speeds Impulse Conduction
26.4 Neurotransmitters Pass the Message from Cell to Cell
3-D Animation: Neurotransmitters
A. Neurons Communicate at Synapses
B. A Neuron Integrates Signals from Multiple Synapses
26.5 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of Nerve Cells Outside the Central Nervous System
26.6 The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and Brain
A. The Spinal Cord Transmits Information Between Body and Brain
B. The Human Brain Is Divided into Several Regions
C. Many Brain Regions Participate in Memory Formation
D. Damage to the Central Nervous System Can Be Devastating
Investigating Life: 26.7 Scorpion Stings Don’t Faze Grasshopper Mice
26.7 Scorpion Stings Don’t Faze Grasshopper Mice
Chapter Summary
26.1 The Nervous System Forms a Rapid Communication Network
26.2 Neurons Are Functional Units of a Nervous System
26.3 Action Potentials Convey Messages
26.4 Neurotransmitters Pass the Message from Cell to Cell
26.5 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of Nerve Cells Outside the Central Nervous System
26.6 The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and Brain
26.7 Investigating Life: Scorpion Stings Don’t Faze Grasshopper Mice
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Chapter 27: The Senses
Chapter 27 Introduction
Your Distracted Brain
27.1 Diverse Senses Operate by the Same Principles
Tutorial: Overview of the Senses
A. Sensory Receptors Respond to Stimuli by Generating Action Potentials
B. Continuous Stimulation May Cause Sensory Adaptation
27.2 The General Senses Detect Touch, Temperature, Pain, and Position
27.3 The Senses of Smell and Taste Detect Chemicals
A. Chemoreceptors in the Nose Detect Odor Molecules
B. Chemoreceptors in the Mouth Detect Taste
27.4 Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells
A. Invertebrate Eyes Take Many Forms
B. In the Vertebrate Eye, Light Is Focused on the Retina
C. Signals Travel from the Retina to the Optic Nerve and Brain
27.5 The Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium Begin in the Ears
A. Mechanoreceptors in the Inner Ear Detect Sound Waves
B. The Inner Ear Also Provides the Sense of Equilibrium
Investigating Life: 27.6 How Do Whales Taste?
27.6 How Do Whales Taste?
Chapter Summary
27.1 Diverse Senses Operate by the Same Principles
27.2 The General Senses Detect Touch, Temperature, Pain, and Position
27.3 The Senses of Smell and Taste Detect Chemicals
27.4 Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells
27.5 The Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium Begin in the Ears
27.6 Investigating Life: How Do Whales Taste?
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Chapter 28: The Endocrine System
Chapter 28 Introduction
Reduce Stress for Healthy Living
28.1 The Endocrine System Uses Hormones to Communicate
A. Endocrine Glands Secrete Hormones That Interact with Target Cells
B. The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Work Together
28.2 Hormones Stimulate Responses in Target Cells
A. Water-Soluble Hormones Trigger Second Messenger Systems
B. Lipid-Soluble Hormones Directly Alter Gene Expression
28.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Oversee Endocrine Control
A. The Posterior Pituitary Stores and Releases Two Hormones
B. The Anterior Pituitary Produces and Secretes Six Hormones
28.4 Hormones from Many Glands Regulate Metabolism
A. The Thyroid Gland Sets the Metabolic Pace
B. The Parathyroid Glands Control Calcium Level
C. The Adrenal Glands Coordinate the Body’s Stress Responses
D. The Pancreas Regulates Blood Glucose
E. The Pineal Gland Secretes Melatonin
28.5 Hormones from the Ovaries and Testes Control Reproduction
Investigating Life: 28.6 Addicted to Affection
28.6 Addicted to Affection
Chapter Summary
28.1 The Endocrine System Uses Hormones to Communicate
28.2 Hormones Stimulate Responses in Target Cells
28.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Oversee Endocrine Control
28.4 Hormones from Many Glands Regulate Metabolism
28.5 Hormones from the Ovaries and Testes Control Reproduction
28.6 Investigating Life: Addicted to Affection
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Chapter 29: The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Chapter 29 Introduction
Prosthetic Limbs Are Better Than Ever
29.1 Skeletons Take Many Forms
29.2 The Vertebrate Skeleton Features a Central Backbone
29.3 Bones Provide Support, Protect Internal Organs, and Supply Calcium
A. Bones Consist Mostly of Bone Tissue and Cartilage
B. Bones Are Constantly Built and Degraded
C. Bones Help Regulate Calcium Homeostasis
D. Bone Meets Bone at a Joint
29.4 Muscle Movement Requires Contractile Proteins, Calcium, and ATP
A. Actin and Myosin Filaments Fill Muscle Cells
B. Sliding Filaments Are the Basis of Muscle Fiber Contraction
C. Motor Neurons Stimulate Muscle Fiber Contraction
29.5 Muscle Fibers Generate ATP in Many Ways
29.6 Many Muscle Fibers Combine to Form One Muscle
A. Each Muscle May Contract with Variable Force
B. Muscles Contain Slow- and Fast-Twitch Fibers
C. Exercise Strengthens Muscles
Investigating Life: 29.7 Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans Brainier?
29.7 Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans Brainier?
Chapter Summary
29.1 Skeletons Take Many Forms
29.2 The Vertebrate Skeleton Features a Central Backbone
29.3 Bones Provide Support, Protect Internal Organs, and Supply Calcium
29.4 Muscle Movement Requires Contractile Proteins, Calcium, and ATP
29.5 Muscle Fibers Generate ATP in Many Ways
29.6 Many Muscle Fibers Combine to Form One Muscle
29.7 Investigating Life: Did a Myosin Gene Mutation Make Humans Brainier?
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Chapter 30: The Circulatory System
Chapter 30 Introduction
Bones, Blood, and Childhood Cancer
30.1 Circulatory Systems Deliver Nutrients and Remove Wastes
A. Circulatory Systems Are Open or Closed
B. Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Have Become Increasingly Complex
30.2 Blood Is a Complex Mixture
A. Plasma Carries Many Dissolved Substances
B. Red Blood Cells Transport Oxygen
C. White Blood Cells Fight Infection
D. Blood Clotting Requires Platelets and Plasma Proteins
30.3 Blood Circulates Through the Heart and Blood Vessels
30.4 The Human Heart Is a Muscular Pump
A. The Heart Has Four Chambers
B. The Right and Left Halves of the Heart Deliver Blood Along Different Paths
C. Cardiac Muscle Cells Produce the Heartbeat
D. Exercise Strengthens the Heart
30.5 Blood Vessels Form the Circulation Pathway
A. Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins Have Different Structures
B. Blood Pressure and Velocity Differ Among Vessel Types
30.6 The Lymphatic System Maintains Circulation and Protects Against Infection
Animation: Lymphatic System
Investigating Life: 30.7 In (Extremely) Cold Blood
30.7 In (Extremely) Cold Blood
Chapter Summary
30.1 Circulatory Systems Deliver Nutrients and Remove Wastes
30.2 Blood Is a Complex Mixture
30.3 Blood Circulates Through the Heart and Blood Vessels
30.4 The Human Heart Is a Muscular Pump
30.5 Blood Vessels Form the Circulation Pathway
30.6 The Lymphatic System Maintains Circulation and Protects Against Infection
30.7 Investigating Life: In (Extremely) Cold Blood
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Chapter 31: The Respiratory System
Chapter 31 Introduction
Twenty-One Minutes . . . and Counting
31.1 Gases Diffuse Across Respiratory Surfaces
Tutorial: Respiratory Surfaces
A. Some Invertebrates Exchange Gases Across the Body Wall or in Internal Tubules
B. Gills Exchange Gases with Water
C. Terrestrial Vertebrates Exchange Gases in Lungs
31.2 The Human Respiratory System Delivers Air to the Lungs
A. The Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx Form the Upper Respiratory Tract
B. The Lower Respiratory Tract Consists of the Trachea and Lungs
31.3 Breathing Requires Pressure Changes in the Lungs
31.4 Blood Delivers Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide
A. Blood Carries Gases in Several Forms
B. Blood Gas Levels Help Regulate the Breathing Rate
Investigating Life: 31.5 Why Do Bugs Hold Their Breath?
31.5 Why Do Bugs Hold Their Breath?
Chapter Summary
31.1 Gases Diffuse Across Respiratory Surfaces
31.2 The Human Respiratory System Delivers Air to the Lungs
31.3 Breathing Requires Pressure Changes in the Lungs
31.4 Blood Delivers Oxygen and Removes Carbon Dioxide
31.5 Investigating Life: Why Do Bugs Hold Their Breath?
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Chapter 32: Digestion and Nutrition
Chapter 32 Introduction
Your Microscopic Partners in Digestion
32.1 Digestive Systems Derive Nutrients from Food
A. Animals Eat to Obtain Energy and Building Blocks
B. How Much Food Does an Animal Need?
C. Animals Process Food in Four Stages
D. Animal Diets and Feeding Strategies Vary Greatly
32.2 Animal Digestive Tracts Take Many Forms
32.3 The Human Digestive System Consists of Several Organs
Animation: Organs of Digestion
A. Digestion Begins in the Mouth
B. The Stomach Stores, Digests, and Churns Food
C. The Small Intestine Digests and Absorbs Nutrients
D. The Large Intestine Completes Nutrient and Water Absorption
32.4 A Healthy Diet Includes Essential Nutrients and the Right Number of Calories
A. A Varied Diet Is Essential to Good Health
B. Body Weight Reflects Food Intake and Activity Level
C. Starvation: Too Few Calories to Meet the Body’s Needs
D. Obesity: More Calories Than the Body Needs
Investigating Life: 32.5 The Cost of a Sweet Tooth
32.5 The Cost of a Sweet Tooth
Chapter Summary
32.1 Digestive Systems Derive Nutrients from Food
32.2 Animal Digestive Tracts Take Many Forms
32.3 The Human Digestive System Consists of Several Organs
32.4 A Healthy Diet Includes Essential Nutrients and the Right Number of Calories
32.5 Investigating Life: The Cost of a Sweet Tooth
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Chapter 33: Regulation of Temperature and Body Fluids
Chapter 33 Introduction
A Day in the Life of a Marine Iguana
33.1 Animals Regulate Their Internal Temperature
A. Heat Gains and Losses Determine an Animal’s Body Temperature
B. Several Adaptations Help an Animal to Adjust Its Temperature
33.2 Animals Regulate Water and Ions in Body Fluids
Animation: How Osmosis Works
33.3 Nitrogenous Wastes Include Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid
33.4 The Urinary System Produces, Stores, and Eliminates Urine
33.5 The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney
A. Nephrons Interact Closely with Blood Vessels
B. Urine Formation Includes Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
C. The Glomerular Capsule Filters Blood
D. Reabsorption and Secretion Occur in the Renal Tubule
E. The Collecting Duct Conserves More Water
F. Hormones Regulate Kidney Function
Investigating Life: 33.6 Noses, Bones, and the Clues to a Dinosaur-Sized Mystery
33.6 Noses, Bones, and the Clues to a Dinosaur-Sized Mystery
Chapter Summary
33.1 Animals Regulate Their Internal Temperature
33.2 Animals Regulate Water and Ions in Body Fluids
33.3 Nitrogenous Wastes Include Ammonia, Urea, and Uric Acid
33.4 The Urinary System Produces, Stores, and Eliminates Urine
33.5 The Nephron Is the Functional Unit of the Kidney
33.6 Investigating Life: Noses, Bones, and the Clues to a Dinosaur-Sized Mystery
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Chapter 34: The Immune System
Chapter 34 Introduction
Vaccine Myths and Realities
34.1 Many Cells, Tissues, and Organs Defend the Body
A. White Blood Cells Play Major Roles in the Immune System
B. The Lymphatic System Produces and Transports Many Immune System Cells
C. The Immune System Has Two Main Subdivisions
34.2 Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific and Act Early
A. External Barriers Form the First Line of Defense
B. Internal Innate Defenses Destroy Invaders
34.3 Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Specific Pathogens
A. Helper T Cells Play a Central Role in Adaptive Immunity
B. Cytotoxic T Cells Provide Cell-Mediated Immunity
C. B Cells Direct the Humoral Immune Response
D. The Immune Response Turns Off Once the Threat Is Gone
E. The Secondary Immune Response Is Stronger Than the Primary Response
34.4 Vaccines Jump-Start Immunity
Animation: Vaccination
Animation: Constructing Vaccines
34.5 Several Disorders Affect the Immune System
A. Autoimmune Disorders Are Devastating and Mysterious
B. Immunodeficiencies Lead to Opportunistic Infections
Tutorial: Replication of HIV
C. Allergies Misdirect the Immune Response
Tutorial: Allergies
D. A Pregnant Person’s Immune System May Attack the Fetus
Investigating Life: 34.6 Can a House Be Too Clean?
34.6 Can a House Be Too Clean?
Chapter Summary
34.1 Many Cells, Tissues, and Organs Defend the Body
34.2 Innate Defenses Are Nonspecific and Act Early
34.3 Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Specific Pathogens
34.4 Vaccines Jump-Start Immunity
34.5 Several Disorders Affect the Immune System
34.6 Investigating Life: Can a House Be Too Clean?
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Chapter 35: Animal Reproduction and Development
Chapter 35 Introduction
The Sex Spectrum
35.1 Animal Development Begins with Reproduction
A. Reproduction Is Asexual or Sexual
B. Gene Expression Dictates Animal Development
C. Development Is Indirect or Direct
35.2 Testes Produce Sperm Cells
A. Male Reproductive Organs Are Inside and Outside the Body
B. Spermatogenesis Yields Sperm Cells
C. Hormones Influence Male Reproductive Function
35.3 Ovaries Produce Egg Cells
A. Female Reproductive Organs Are Inside the Body
B. Oogenesis Yields Egg Cells
C. Hormones Influence Female Reproductive Function
D. Hormonal Fluctuations Can Cause Discomfort
35.4 Reproductive Health Considers Contraception and Disease
35.5 The Human Infant Begins Life as a Zygote
A.Fertilization Initiates Pregnancy
B. The Preembryonic Stage Ends When Implantation Is Complete
C. Organs Take Shape During the Embryonic Stage
D. Organ Systems Become Functional in the Fetal Stage
E. Muscle Contractions in the Uterus Drive Childbirth
35.6 Birth Defects Have Many Causes
Animation: Fetal Development and Risk
Investigating Life: 35.7 Sexual Cannibalism and Silk Restraints
35.7 Sexual Cannibalism andSilk Restraints
Chapter Summary
35.1 Animal Development Begins with Reproduction
35.2Testes Produce Sperm
35.3Ovaries Produce Egg Cells
35.4 Reproductive Health Considers Contraception and Disease
35.5 The Human Infant Begins Life as a Zygote
35.6 Birth Defects Have Many Causes
35.7 Investigating Life: Sexual Cannibalism and Silk Restraints
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Chapter 36: Animal Behavior
Chapter 36 Introduction
Animal Behavior
36.1 Animal Behaviors Have Proximate and Ultimate Causes
Dung Beetle
Tutorial: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
36.2 Animal Behaviors Combine Innate and Learned Components
A. Innate Behaviors Do Not Require Experience
B. Learning Requires Experience
C. Genes and Environment Interact to Determine Behavior
36.3 Many Behaviors Improve Survival
A. Some Animals Can Find Specific Locations
B. Animals Balance the Energy Content and Costs of Acquiring Food
C. Avoiding Predation Is Another Key to Survival
36.4 Many Behaviors Promote Reproductive Success
A. Courtship Sets the Stage for Mating
B. Sexual Selection Leads to Differences Between the Sexes
C. Animals Differ in Mating Systems and Degrees of Parental Care
36.5 Social Behaviors Often Occur in Groups
A. Group Living Has Benefits and Costs
B. Dominance Hierarchies and Territoriality Reduce Competition
C. Kin Selection and Reciprocal Altruism Explain Some Acts of Cooperation
D. Eusocial Animals Have Highly Developed Societies
Investigating Life: 36.6 Playing “Dress Up” on the Reef
36.6 Playing “Dress Up” on the Reef
Cuttlefish Color Change
Chapter Summary
36.1 Animal Behaviors Have Proximate and Ultimate Causes
36.2 Animal Behaviors Combine Innate and Learned Components
36.3 Many Behaviors Improve Survival
36.4 Many Behaviors Promote Reproductive Success
36.5 Social Behaviors Often Occur in Groups
36.6 Investigating Life: Playing “Dress Up” on the Reef
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Chapter 37: Populations
Chapter 37 Introduction
Turning “Boom” into “Bust”
37.1 A Population Consists of Individuals of One Species
A. Density and Distribution Patterns Are Static Measures of a Population
B. Isolated Subpopulations May Evolve into New Species
37.2 Births and Deaths Help Determine Population Size
A. Births Add Individuals to a Population
B. Survivorship Curves Show the Probability of Dying at a Given Age
37.3 Population Growth May Be Exponential or Logistic
Tutorial: Population Growth Models
A. Growth Is Exponential When Resources Are Unlimited
B. Population Growth Eventually Slows
C. Many Conditions Limit Population Size
37.4 Natural Selection Influences Life Histories
A. Organisms Balance Reproduction Against Other Requirements
B. Opportunistic and Equilibrium Life Histories Reflect the Trade-Off Between Quantity and Quality
37.5 The Human Population Continues to Grow
A. Birth Rates and Death Rates Vary Worldwide
B. The Ecological Footprint Is an Estimate of Resource Use
Investigating Life: 37.6 A Toxic Compromise
37.6 A Toxic Compromise
Chapter Summary
37.1 A Population Consists of Individuals of One Species
37.2 Births and Deaths Help Determine Population Size
37.3 Population Growth May Be Exponential or Logistic
37.4 Natural Selection Influences Life Histories
37.5 The Human Population Continues to Grow
37.6 Investigating Life: A Toxic Compromise
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Chapter 38: Communities and Ecosystems
Chapter 38 Introduction
The Future of Meat
38.1 Multiple Species Interact in Communities
A. Many Species Compete for the Same Resources
B. Symbiotic Interactions Can Benefit or Harm a Species
C. Herbivory and Predation Link Species in Feeding Relationships
D. Closely Interacting Species May Coevolve
38.2 Succession Is a Gradual Change in a Community
38.3 Ecosystems Require Continuous Energy Input
A. Food Webs Depict the Transfer of Energy and Atoms
B. A Keystone Species Has a Pivotal Role in the Community
C. Heat Energy Leaves Each Food Web
D. Harmful Chemicals May Accumulate in the Highest Trophic Levels
38.4 Chemicals Cycle Within Ecosystems
A. Water Circulates Between the Land and the Atmosphere
B. Autotrophs Obtain Carbon as CO 2
C. The Nitrogen Cycle Relies on Bacteria
D. The Phosphorus Cycle Begins with the Erosion of Rocks
E. Excess Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cause Problems in Water
F. Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Are Linked in Surprising Ways
Investigating Life: 38.5 Winged Migrants Sidestep Parasites
38.5 Winged Migrants Sidestep Parasites
Chapter Summary
38.1 Multiple Species Interact in Communities
38.2 Succession Is a Gradual Change in a Community
38.3 Ecosystems Require Continuous Energy Input
38.4 Chemicals Cycle Within Ecosystems
38.5 Investigating Life: Winged Migrants Sidestep Parasites
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Chapter 39: Biomes
Chapter 39 Introduction
The Secret Life in Caves
39.1 The Physical Environment Determines Where Life Exists
39.2 Earth Has Diverse Climates
Animation: Seasons
Animation: Convection Cells
Tutorial: Earth’s Climate and Biomes
39.3 Terrestrial Biomes Range from the Lush Tropics to the Frozen Poles
Animation: Terrestrial Biomes
A. Towering Trees Dominate the Forests
B. Grasslands Occur in Tropical and Temperate Regions
C. Whether Hot or Cold, All Deserts Are Dry
D. Fire- and Drought-Adapted Plants Dominate Mediterranean Shrublands (Chaparral)
E. Tundras Occupy High Latitudes and High Elevations
F. Polar Ice Caps Are Cold and Dry
39.4 Freshwater Biomes Include Lakes, Ponds, and Streams
A. Lakes and Ponds Contain Standing Water
B. Streams Carry Running Water
39.5 Oceans Make Up Earth’s Largest Ecosystem
A. Land Meets Sea at the Coast
B. The Open Ocean Remains Mysterious
Investigating Life: 39.6 Shrinking Biomes and Shrinking Wallets
39.6 Shrinking Biomes and Shrinking Wallets
Chapter Summary
39.1 The Physical Environment Determines Where Life Exists
39.2 Earth Has Diverse Climates
39.3 Terrestrial Biomes Range from the Lush Tropics to the Frozen Poles
39.4 Freshwater Biomes Include Lakes, Ponds, and Streams
39.5 Oceans Make Up Earth’s Largest Ecosystem
39.6 Investigating Life: Shrinking Biomes and Shrinking Wallets
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Chapter 40: Preserving Biodiversity
Chapter 40 Introduction
A Growing Pride of Lionfish
40.1 Earth’s Biodiversity Is Dwindling
Tutorial: Threats to Biodiversity
40.2 Many Human Activities Destroy Habitats
40.3 Pollution Degrades Habitats
A. Water Pollution Threatens Aquatic Life
B. Air Pollution Causes Many Types of Damage
40.4 Global Climate Change Alters and Shifts Habitats
A. Greenhouse Gases Warm Earth’s Surface
B. Global Climate Change Has Severe Consequences
40.5 Exotic Invaders and Overexploitation Devastate Many Species
A. Invasive Species Displace Native Organisms
B. Overexploitation Can Drive Species to Extinction
40.6 Some Biodiversity May Be Recoverable
A. Protecting and Restoring Habitat Saves Many Species at Once
B. Some Conservation Tools Target Individual Species
C. Conserving Biodiversity Involves Scientists and Ordinary Citizens
Investigating Life: 40.7 Up, Up, and Away
40.7 Up, Up, and Away
Chapter Summary
40.1 Earth’s Biodiversity Is Dwindling
40.2 Many Human Activities Destroy Habitats
40.3 Pollution Degrades Habitats
40.4 Global Climate Change Alters and Shifts Habitats
40.5 Exotic Invaders and Overexploitation Devastate Many Species
40.6 Some Biodiversity May Be Recoverable
40.7 Investigating Life: Up, Up, and Away
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Appendices
Appendix A A Brief Guide to Statistical Significance
Appendix B Units of Measurement
Appendix C Periodic Table of the Elements
Appendix D Amino Acid Structures
Appendix E Learn How to Learn
UNIT 1 Science, Chemistry, and Cells
UNIT 2 DNA, Inheritance, and Biotechnology
UNIT 3 The Evolution of Life
UNIT 4 The Diversity of Life
UNIT 5 Plant Life
UNIT 6 Animal Life
UNIT 7 The Ecology of Life
Glossary
Glossary
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Index
Index
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Figure 17.4 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.5 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.6 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.8 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.9 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.10 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.12 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.13 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.14 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.16 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.17 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.18 Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Bacteria and Archaea Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 17)
The Diversity of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 17)
Figure 18.1 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.2 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.3 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.4 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.7 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.8 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.10 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.11 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.12 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.13 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.15 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.18 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.19 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.21 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 18.22 Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Protists Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 18)
The Diversity of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Table 18.1 Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 18)
Figure 19.1 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.3 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.4 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.5 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.7 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.9 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.10 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.11 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.12 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.13 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.14 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.15 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.16 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.18 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.19 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.20 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 19.21 Extended Description (Chapter 19)
The Diversity of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Bryophytes Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Seedless Vascular Plants Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Gymnosperms Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Angiosperms Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Highlights in the History of Plants Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 19)
Figure 20.1 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.2 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.3 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.5 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.8 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.9 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.10 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.14 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.16 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.18 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.20 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.22 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.23 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.24 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 20.25 Extended Description (Chapter 20)
The Diversity of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Chytridiomycetes Produce Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Zygomycetes Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Glomeromycetes Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Ascomycetes Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Basidiomycetes Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 20)
Figure 21.1 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.2 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.3 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.4 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.5 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.6 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.8 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.9 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.10 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.11 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.12 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.13 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.14 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.15 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.16 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.17 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.18 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.19 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.20 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.22 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.23 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.24 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.25 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.26 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.27 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.28 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.29 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.30 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.31 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.32 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.33 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.34 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.36 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.37 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.38 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.39 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.40 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.41 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.42 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.43 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.44 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.45 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.46 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.47 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 21.48 Extended Description (Chapter 21)
The Diversity of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Insect Metamorphosis Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Highlights in the History of Animals Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 21)
Figure 22.1 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.3 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.4 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.5 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.6 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.7 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.8 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.9 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.10 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.12 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.13 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.14 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.15 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.16 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.17 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.18 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.20 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.21 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.22 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 22.23 Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Plant Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Table 22.3 Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 22)
Figure 23.1 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.3 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.4 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.5 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.6 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.7 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.8 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.9 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.10 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.12 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.13 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.14 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.15 Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 23.A Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Plant Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 23)
Figure 24.1 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.2 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.3 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.4 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.5 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.6 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.7 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.8 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.9 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.10 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.12 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.13 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.14 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.17 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.18 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.21 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.22 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.23 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.25 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.28 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.29 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 24.30 Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Plant Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 24)
Figure 25.2 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.3 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.4 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.5 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.6 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.7 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.8 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.9 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.10 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.11 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.13 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.14 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Figure 25.15 Extended Description (Chapter 25)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.2 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.3 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.4 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.5 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.6 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.7 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.8 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.9 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.10 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.11 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.12 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.13 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.14 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.15 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.16 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.18 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.19 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.21 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.22 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.23 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.24 Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 26.A Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 26)
Figure 27.2 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.3 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.4 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.6 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.7 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.8 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.9 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.10 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.11 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.12 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.13 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.14 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.15 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.17 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.18 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.19 Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.A Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 27.B Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 27)
Figure 28.1 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.2 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.3 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.4 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.6 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.7 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.8 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.9 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.10 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.12 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.13 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.14 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.15 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 28.16 Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 28)
Figure 29.1 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.2 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.4 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.5 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.7 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.9 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.10 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.11 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.12 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.13 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.14 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.15 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.16 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.17 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.18 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.19 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.20 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.21 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 29.22 Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 29)
Figure 30.1 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.2 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.3 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.4 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.5 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.6 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.7 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.8 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.9 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.10 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.11 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.12 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.13 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.14 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.15 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.16 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.18 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.19 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.20 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.21 Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 30.A Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 30)
Figure 31.2 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.3 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.4 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.5 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.6 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.8 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.9 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.11 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.12 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.13 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.14 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.16 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.17 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 31.18 Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 31)
Figure 32.2 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.4 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.5 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.6 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.7 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.8 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.9 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.10 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.11 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.12 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.13 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.14 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.15 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.16 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.18 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.20 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.21 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 32.22 Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 32)
Figure 33.3 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.4 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.6 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.7 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.8 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.9 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.10 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.11 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.12 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.13 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.14 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.15 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.16 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.17 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.18 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 33.19 Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 33)
Figure 34.1 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.2 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.3 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.4 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.5 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.6 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.7 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.8 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.9 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.10 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.11 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.12 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.13 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.14 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.15 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.16 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.17 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.18 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 34.19 Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 34)
Figure 35.3 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.4 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.5 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.6 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.7 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.8 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.9 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.10 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.11 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.12 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.13 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.14 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.15 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.16 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.18 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.20 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.22 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.23 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.24 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.25 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.26 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.27 Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 35.A Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Tiny Worm Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Animal Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Birth control Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Fertilization Initiates Pregnancy Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Preembryonic Stage Ends When Implantation Is Complete Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Four Membranes Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Organ Formation Begins Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Organ Systems Become Functional Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Muscle Contractions in the Uterus Drive Childbirth Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Birth Defect Present Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 35)
Figure 36.1 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.2 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.3 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.6 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.7 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.8 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.10 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.11 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.16 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.17 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.20 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.21 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.22 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.25 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.26 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.27 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 36.28 Extended Description (Chapter 36)
The Ecology of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 36)
Figure 37.1 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.2 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.3 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.4 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.5 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.6 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.7 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.8 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.9 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.10 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.11 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.12 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.13 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.14 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.15 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.17 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.19 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.20 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 37.21 Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Opportunistic and Equilibrium Species: A Summary Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 37)
The Ecology of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Population Growth Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 37)
Figure 38.3 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.4 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.10 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.11 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.13 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.14 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.15 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.16 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.17 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.18 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.19 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.20 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.21 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.22 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.23 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.27 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.28 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 38.29 Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Keystone Species Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 38)
The Ecology of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 38)
Figure 39.2 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.4 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.5 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.6 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.7 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.8 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.18 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.19 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.23 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.24 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.25 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.26 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 39.27 Extended Description (Chapter 39)
The Ecology of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Earth’s Long-Term Warming Trend Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 39)
Figure 40.1 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.2 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.8 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.11 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.12 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.13 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.14 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.15 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.16 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.20 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.25 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.26 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.27 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure 40.28 Extended Description (Chapter 40)
The Ecology of Life Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Temperature Change Graphic Extended Description (Chapter 40)
Figure A.1 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Figure A.2 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Figure A.3 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Figure A.4 Extended Description (Appendix A)
Periodic Table of the Elements Graphic Extended Description (Appendix C)
Amino Acid Structures Graphic Extended Description (Appendix D)
Your Cells May Live On Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Pull It Together Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Learn How to Learn Garphic Extended Description (FM)
Investigating Life Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Chapter Summary Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Apply It Now Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Burning Question Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Get the Picture Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Figure It Out Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Scientific Literacy Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Animated tutorials guide Graphic Extended Description (FM)
Mastering Concepts Graphic Extended Description (FM)