Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures

Höfundur: Raymond G. Miltenberger (Útgáfa: 7)
Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures

Kaup valmöguleikar

Gain an understanding of human behavior, the factors that influence behavior and the strategies to change behavior with Miltenberger's BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES, 7E. This precise, step-by-step, scientific approach introduces the underlying principles and then the procedures behind behavior modification. Numerous current examples from research, clinical practice and everyday life clearly illustrate key principles.

This edition offers new content that explores topics such as verbal behavior and stimulus equivalence. Updated references highlight the latest research and developments from the field, while this edition's new learning objectives direct your attention to key material. You can also use new self-assessment exercises, application and misapplication exercises, practice tests and three practice quizzes at the end of every chapter to ensure your comprehension.

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Útgefandi
Cengage Learning US
ISBN
9798214338309
Print ISBN
9780357796375
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Raymond G. Miltenberger
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2023-03-06
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • About the Author
  • Preface
  • 1. Introduction to Behavior Modification
  • 1-1. Defining Human Behavior
  • 1-2. Examples of Behavior
  • 1-3. Defining Behavior Modification
  • 1-4. Characteristics of Behavior Modification
  • 1-5. Historical Roots of Behavior Modification
  • Major Figures
  • Early Behavior Modification Researchers
  • Major Publications and Events
  • 1-6. Areas of Application
  • Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Mental Illness
  • Education and Special Education
  • Rehabilitation
  • Community Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Business, Industry, and Human Services
  • Self-Management
  • Child Behavior Management
  • Prevention
  • Sports Performance
  • Health-Related Behaviors
  • Gerontology
  • 1-7. Professional Practice, Certification, and Ethics
  • 1-8. New Directions in Behavior Modification
  • Treatment Implementation Via Telehealth
  • 1-9. The Structure of This Textbook
  • Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change
  • Basic Principles of Behavior
  • Procedures to Establish New Behaviors
  • Procedures to Increase Desirable Behaviors and Decrease Undesirable Behaviors
  • Other Behavior Change Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • 2. Observing and Recording Behavior
  • 2-1. Direct and Indirect Assessment
  • Direct assessment is preferred.
  • 2-2. Defining the Target Behavior
  • Labels Are Not Behavior
  • 2-3. The Logistics of Recording
  • The Observer
  • When and Where to Record
  • 2-4. Choosing a Recording Method
  • Continuous Recording
  • Product Recording
  • Sampling Methods
  • 2-5. Choosing a Recording Instrument
  • Recording Must Be Immediate
  • 2-6. Reactivity
  • You Can Reduce Reactivity
  • 2-7. Interobserver Agreement
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 3. Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
  • 3-1. Components of a Graph
  • 3-2. Graphing Behavioral Data
  • Graphing Data from Different Recording Procedures
  • Evaluating Behavior Change in a Graph: Level, Trend, and Variability
  • 3-3. Graphing Data to Evaluate Treatment: The A–B Graph
  • 3-4. Graphing Data to Demonstrate a Functional Relationship: Research Designs
  • A–B–A–B Reversal Design
  • Multiple-Baseline Design
  • Alternating-Treatments Design
  • Changing-Criterion Design
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 4. Reinforcement
  • 4-1. Defining Reinforcement
  • 4-2. Positive and Negative Reinforcement
  • Social versus Automatic Reinforcement
  • 4-3. Escape and Avoidance Behaviors
  • Distinguishing between Escape and Avoidance Behavior
  • 4-4. Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers
  • 4-5. Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement
  • Immediacy
  • Contingency
  • Motivating Operations
  • Individual Differences
  • Magnitude
  • 4-6. Schedules of Reinforcement
  • Fixed Ratio
  • Variable Ratio
  • Fixed Interval
  • Variable Interval
  • 4-7. Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior
  • 4-8. Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
  • 4-9. Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • Appendix B
  • 5. Extinction
  • 5-1. Defining Extinction
  • 5-2. Extinction Burst
  • 5-3. Spontaneous Recovery
  • 5-4. Procedural Variations of Extinction
  • 5-5. A Common Misconception about Extinction
  • 5-6. Factors That Influence Extinction
  • The Reinforcement Schedule before Extinction
  • Reinforcement of the Behavior after Extinction
  • Reinforcement of Functionally Equivalent Alternative Behavior during Extinction
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • 6. Punishment
  • 6-1. Defining Punishment
  • 6-2. A Common Misconception about Punishment
  • 6-3. Positive and Negative Punishment
  • 6-4. Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers
  • 6-5. Contrasting Reinforcement and Punishment
  • 6-6. Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment
  • Immediacy
  • Contingency
  • Motivating Operations
  • Individual Differences and Magnitude of the Punisher
  • 6-7. Problems with Punishment
  • Emotional Reactions to Punishment
  • Escape and Avoidance
  • Negative Reinforcement for the Use of Punishment
  • Punishment and Modeling
  • Ethical Issues
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • 7. Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
  • 7-1. Examples of Stimulus Control
  • 7-2. Defining Stimulus Control
  • 7-3. Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus Discrimination Training
  • Discrimination Training in the Laboratory
  • Developing Reading and Spelling with Discrimination Training
  • Stimulus Discrimination Training and Punishment
  • 7-4. The Three-Term Contingency
  • 7-5. Stimulus Control Research
  • 7-6. Generalization
  • Examples of Generalization
  • 7-7. Stimulus Equivalence
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • 8. Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-1. Examples of Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-2. Defining Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-3. Timing of the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • 8-4. Higher-Order Conditioning
  • 8-5. Conditioned Emotional Responses
  • 8-6. Extinction of Conditioned Responses
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • 8-7. Discrimination and Generalization of Respondent Behavior
  • 8-8. Factors That Influence Respondent Conditioning
  • The Nature of the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • The Temporal Relationship between the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • Contingency between the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • The Number of Pairings
  • Previous Exposure to the Neutral Stimulus
  • 8-9. Distinguishing between Operant and Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-10. Respondent Conditioning and Behavior Modification
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • 9. Shaping
  • 9-1. An Example of Shaping: Teaching a Child to Talk
  • 9-2. Defining Shaping
  • 9-3. Applications of Shaping
  • Getting Mrs. F to Walk Again
  • Getting Mrs. S to Increase the Time between Bathroom Visits
  • 9-4. Research on Shaping
  • 9-5. How to Use Shaping
  • 9-6. Shaping of Problem Behaviors
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 10. Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
  • 10-1. An Example of Prompting and Fading: Teaching Tee-Ball Players to Hit the Ball
  • 10-2. What Is Prompting?
  • 10-3. What Is Fading?
  • 10-4. Types of Prompts
  • Response Prompts
  • Stimulus Prompts
  • 10-5. Transfer of Stimulus Control
  • Prompt Fading
  • Prompt Delay
  • Stimulus Fading
  • 10-6. How to Use Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
  • 10-7. Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control in Autism Treatment
  • 10-8. Verbal Behavior
  • Echoic
  • Mand
  • Tact
  • Intraverbal
  • Multiple Control of Verbal Operants
  • Teaching Verbal Behavior to Children with Autism
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 11. Chaining
  • 11-1. Examples of Behavioral Chains
  • 11-2. Analyzing Stimulus–Response Chains
  • 11-3. Task Analysis
  • 11-4. Backward Chaining
  • 11-5. Forward Chaining
  • 11-6. Total Task Presentation
  • 11-7. Other Strategies for Teaching Behavioral Chains
  • Written Task Analysis
  • Picture Prompts
  • Video Modeling
  • Self-Instructions
  • 11-8. How to Use Chaining Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 12. Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • 12-1. Examples of Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • Teaching Marcia to Say “No” to the Professors
  • Teaching Children to Protect Themselves from Abduction
  • 12-2. Components of the Behavioral Skills Training Procedure
  • Instructions
  • Modeling
  • Rehearsal
  • Feedback
  • 12-3. Enhancing Generalization after Behavioral Skills Training
  • 12-4. In Situ Assessment
  • 12-5. In Situ Training
  • 12-6. Behavioral Skills Training and the Three-Term Contingency
  • 12-7. Behavioral Skills Training in Groups
  • 12-8. Applications of Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • 12-9. How to Use Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 13. Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment
  • 13-1. Examples of Functional Assessment
  • Jacob
  • Anna
  • 13-2. Defining Functional Assessment
  • 13-3. Functions of Problem Behaviors
  • Social Positive Reinforcement
  • Social Negative Reinforcement
  • Automatic Positive Reinforcement
  • Automatic Negative Reinforcement
  • 13-4. Functional Assessment Methods
  • Indirect Methods
  • Direct Observation Methods
  • Experimental Methods (Functional Analysis)
  • 13-5. Functional Analysis Research
  • 13-6. Conducting a Functional Assessment
  • 13-7. Functional Interventions
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 14. Applying Extinction
  • 14-1. The Case of Willy
  • 14-2. Using Extinction to Decrease a Problem Behavior
  • Collecting Data to Assess Treatment Effects
  • Identifying the Reinforcer for the Problem Behavior through Functional Assessment
  • Eliminating the Reinforcer after Each Instance of the Problem Behavior
  • 14-3. Taking Account of the Schedule of Reinforcement before Extinction
  • 14-4. Reinforcing Alternative Behaviors
  • 14-5. Promoting Generalization and Maintenance
  • 14-6. Research Evaluating the Use of Extinction
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • Appendix A. Reinforcement Illustrated by Each Example in Table 14-2
  • Appendix B. Extinction Implementation for Each Example in Table 14-2
  • 15. Differential Reinforcement
  • 15-1. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
  • Getting Mrs. Williams to Be Positive
  • When to Use DRA
  • How to Use DRA
  • Using Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors
  • Variations of DRA
  • Research on DRA
  • 15-2. Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
  • Defining DRO
  • Implementing DRO
  • Research Evaluating DRO Procedures
  • 15-3. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding
  • Defining DRL
  • Variations of DRL
  • How are DRO and Spaced-Responding DRL Different?
  • Implementing DRL Procedures
  • Research Evaluating DRL Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 16. Antecedent Interventions
  • 16-1. Examples of Antecedent Interventions
  • Getting Marianne to Study More
  • Getting Cal to Eat Right
  • 16-2. Defining Antecedent Interventions
  • Presenting the Discriminative Stimulus ( S D ) or Cues for the Desired Behavior
  • Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable Behavior
  • Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable Behavior
  • Removing the Discriminative Stimulus or Cues for Undesirable Behaviors
  • Presenting Abolishing Operations for Undesirable Behaviors
  • Increasing the Response Effort for Undesirable Behaviors
  • 16-3. Research on Antecedent Interventions
  • Manipulating Discriminative Stimuli
  • Manipulating Response Effort
  • Manipulating Motivating Operations
  • 16-4. Using Antecedent Interventions
  • Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Desirable Behavior
  • Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Undesirable Behavior
  • 16-5. Functional Interventions for Problem Behaviors
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 17. Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost
  • 17-1. Time-Out
  • Types of Time-Out
  • Using Reinforcement with Time-Out
  • Considerations in Using Time-Out
  • Research Evaluating Time-Out Procedures
  • 17-2. Response Cost
  • Defining Response Cost
  • Using Differential Reinforcement with Response Cost
  • Comparing Response Cost, Time-Out, and Extinction
  • Considerations in Using Response Cost
  • Research Evaluating Response Cost Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 18. Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment
  • 18-1. Punishment by Application of Aversive Activities
  • Overcorrection
  • Contingent Exercise
  • Guided Compliance
  • Physical Restraint
  • Cautions in Punishment by the Application of Aversive Activities
  • 18-2. Punishment by Application of Aversive Stimulation
  • 18-3. Positive Punishment: Treatment of Last Resort
  • 18-4. Considerations in Using Positive Punishment
  • 18-5. The Ethics of Punishment
  • Informed Consent
  • Alternative Treatments
  • Recipient Safety
  • Problem Severity
  • Implementation Guidelines
  • Training and Supervision
  • Peer Review
  • Accountability: Preventing Misuse and Overuse
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 19. Promoting Generalization
  • 19-1. Examples of Generalization Programming
  • 19-2. Defining Generalization
  • 19-3. Strategies for Promoting Generalization of Behavior Change
  • Reinforcing Occurrences of Generalization
  • Training Skills That Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement
  • Modifying Contingencies of Reinforcement and Punishment in the Natural Environment
  • Incorporating a Variety of Relevant Stimulus Situations in Training
  • Incorporating Common Stimuli
  • Teaching a Range of Functionally Equivalent Responses
  • Providing Cues in the Natural Environment
  • Incorporating Self-Generated Mediators of Generalization
  • 19-4. Implementing Strategies to Promote Generalization
  • 19-5. Promoting Generalized Reductions in Problem Behaviors
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 20. Self-Management
  • 20-1. Examples of Self-Management
  • Getting Murray to Run Regularly
  • Getting Annette to Clean up Her Mess
  • 20-2. Defining Self-Management Problems
  • 20-3. Defining Self-Management
  • 20-4. Types of Self-Management Strategies
  • Goal Setting and Self-Monitoring
  • Antecedent Interventions
  • Behavioral Contracting
  • Arranging Reinforcers and Punishers
  • Social Support
  • Self-Instructions and Self-Praise
  • 20-5. Steps in a Self-Management Plan
  • 20-6. Clinical Problems
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 21. Habit Reversal Procedures
  • 21-1. Examples of Habit Behaviors
  • 21-2. Defining Habit Behaviors
  • Nervous Habits
  • Motor and Vocal Tics
  • Stuttering
  • 21-3. Habit Reversal Procedures
  • 21-4. Applications of Habit Reversal
  • Nervous Habits
  • Motor and Vocal Tics
  • Stuttering
  • 21-5. Why Do Habit Reversal Procedures Work?
  • 21-6. Other Treatment Procedures for Habit Disorders
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 22. The Token Economy
  • 22-1. Rehabilitating Sammy
  • 22-2. Defining a Token Economy
  • 22-3. Implementing a Token Economy
  • Defining the Target Behaviors
  • Identifying the Items to Use as Tokens
  • Identifying Backup Reinforcers
  • Deciding on the Appropriate Schedule of Reinforcement
  • Establishing the Token Exchange Rate
  • Establishing the Time and Place for Exchanging Tokens
  • Deciding Whether to Use Response Cost
  • Staff Training and Management
  • 22-4. Practical Considerations
  • 22-5. Applications of a Token Economy
  • 22-6. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Token Economy
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 23. Behavioral Contracts
  • 23-1. Examples of Behavioral Contracting
  • Getting Stavros to Complete His Dissertation
  • Helping Dan and His Parents Get Along Better
  • 23-2. Defining the Behavioral Contract
  • 23-3. Components of a Behavioral Contract
  • 23-4. Types of Behavioral Contracts
  • One-Party Contracts
  • Two-Party Contracts
  • 23-5. Negotiating a Behavioral Contract
  • 23-6. Why Do Behavioral Contracts Influence Behavior?
  • 23-7. Applications of Behavioral Contracts
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 24. Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
  • 24-1. Examples of Fear and Anxiety Reduction
  • Overcoming Trisha’s Fear of Public Speaking
  • Overcoming Allison’s Fear of Spiders
  • 24-2. Defining Fear and Anxiety Problems
  • 24-3. Procedures to Reduce Fear and Anxiety
  • Relaxation Training
  • Fear Reduction Procedures
  • 24-4. Clinical Problems
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 25. Cognitive Behavior Modification
  • 25-1. Examples of Cognitive Behavior Modification
  • Helping Daniel Control His Anger
  • Helping Claire Pay Attention in Class
  • 25-2. Defining Cognitive Behavior Modification
  • Defining Cognitive Behavior
  • Functions of Cognitive Behavior
  • 25-3. Cognitive Behavior Modification Procedures
  • Cognitive Restructuring
  • Cognitive Coping Skills Training
  • Acceptance-Based Therapies
  • 25-4. Clinical Problems
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • References