Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures

Höfundur: Raymond G. Miltenberger (Útgáfa: 7)
Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures

Kaup valmöguleikar

Öðlastu skilning á mannlegri hegðun, þeim þáttum sem hafa áhrif á hana og þeim aðferðum sem nota má til að breyta henni, með sjöundu útgáfu Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures eftir Miltenberger. Bókin fylgir nákvæmri, vísindalegri nálgun þar sem farið er skref fyrir skref: fyrst eru undirliggjandi lögmál kynnt og síðan þær aðferðir sem atferlismótun byggir á. Fjöldi dæma úr rannsóknum, klínísku starfi og daglegu lífi skýrir lykillögmálin.

Í þessari útgáfu er nýtt efni um viðfangsefni á borð við málhegðun og áreitajafngildi. Uppfærðar heimildir draga fram nýjustu rannsóknir og þróun á sviðinu og ný námsmarkmið beina athygli þinni að lykilefninu. Þá eru ný sjálfsmatsverkefni, æfingar í réttri og rangri beitingu aðferða, æfingapróf og þrjú stutt próf í lok hvers kafla sem tryggja að efnið hafi skilað sér.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Cengage Learning US
ISBN
9798214338309
Print ISBN
9780357796375
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Raymond G. Miltenberger
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2023-03-06
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • Cover Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • About the Author
  • Preface
  • 1. Introduction to Behavior Modification
  • 1-1. Defining Human Behavior
  • 1-2. Examples of Behavior
  • 1-3. Defining Behavior Modification
  • 1-4. Characteristics of Behavior Modification
  • 1-5. Historical Roots of Behavior Modification
  • Major Figures
  • Early Behavior Modification Researchers
  • Major Publications and Events
  • 1-6. Areas of Application
  • Developmental Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Mental Illness
  • Education and Special Education
  • Rehabilitation
  • Community Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Business, Industry, and Human Services
  • Self-Management
  • Child Behavior Management
  • Prevention
  • Sports Performance
  • Health-Related Behaviors
  • Gerontology
  • 1-7. Professional Practice, Certification, and Ethics
  • 1-8. New Directions in Behavior Modification
  • Treatment Implementation Via Telehealth
  • 1-9. The Structure of This Textbook
  • Measurement of Behavior and Behavior Change
  • Basic Principles of Behavior
  • Procedures to Establish New Behaviors
  • Procedures to Increase Desirable Behaviors and Decrease Undesirable Behaviors
  • Other Behavior Change Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • 2. Observing and Recording Behavior
  • 2-1. Direct and Indirect Assessment
  • Direct assessment is preferred.
  • 2-2. Defining the Target Behavior
  • Labels Are Not Behavior
  • 2-3. The Logistics of Recording
  • The Observer
  • When and Where to Record
  • 2-4. Choosing a Recording Method
  • Continuous Recording
  • Product Recording
  • Sampling Methods
  • 2-5. Choosing a Recording Instrument
  • Recording Must Be Immediate
  • 2-6. Reactivity
  • You Can Reduce Reactivity
  • 2-7. Interobserver Agreement
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 3. Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
  • 3-1. Components of a Graph
  • 3-2. Graphing Behavioral Data
  • Graphing Data from Different Recording Procedures
  • Evaluating Behavior Change in a Graph: Level, Trend, and Variability
  • 3-3. Graphing Data to Evaluate Treatment: The A–B Graph
  • 3-4. Graphing Data to Demonstrate a Functional Relationship: Research Designs
  • A–B–A–B Reversal Design
  • Multiple-Baseline Design
  • Alternating-Treatments Design
  • Changing-Criterion Design
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 4. Reinforcement
  • 4-1. Defining Reinforcement
  • 4-2. Positive and Negative Reinforcement
  • Social versus Automatic Reinforcement
  • 4-3. Escape and Avoidance Behaviors
  • Distinguishing between Escape and Avoidance Behavior
  • 4-4. Conditioned and Unconditioned Reinforcers
  • 4-5. Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement
  • Immediacy
  • Contingency
  • Motivating Operations
  • Individual Differences
  • Magnitude
  • 4-6. Schedules of Reinforcement
  • Fixed Ratio
  • Variable Ratio
  • Fixed Interval
  • Variable Interval
  • 4-7. Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior
  • 4-8. Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement
  • 4-9. Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • Appendix B
  • 5. Extinction
  • 5-1. Defining Extinction
  • 5-2. Extinction Burst
  • 5-3. Spontaneous Recovery
  • 5-4. Procedural Variations of Extinction
  • 5-5. A Common Misconception about Extinction
  • 5-6. Factors That Influence Extinction
  • The Reinforcement Schedule before Extinction
  • Reinforcement of the Behavior after Extinction
  • Reinforcement of Functionally Equivalent Alternative Behavior during Extinction
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • 6. Punishment
  • 6-1. Defining Punishment
  • 6-2. A Common Misconception about Punishment
  • 6-3. Positive and Negative Punishment
  • 6-4. Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishers
  • 6-5. Contrasting Reinforcement and Punishment
  • 6-6. Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment
  • Immediacy
  • Contingency
  • Motivating Operations
  • Individual Differences and Magnitude of the Punisher
  • 6-7. Problems with Punishment
  • Emotional Reactions to Punishment
  • Escape and Avoidance
  • Negative Reinforcement for the Use of Punishment
  • Punishment and Modeling
  • Ethical Issues
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • 7. Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
  • 7-1. Examples of Stimulus Control
  • 7-2. Defining Stimulus Control
  • 7-3. Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus Discrimination Training
  • Discrimination Training in the Laboratory
  • Developing Reading and Spelling with Discrimination Training
  • Stimulus Discrimination Training and Punishment
  • 7-4. The Three-Term Contingency
  • 7-5. Stimulus Control Research
  • 7-6. Generalization
  • Examples of Generalization
  • 7-7. Stimulus Equivalence
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Appendix A
  • 8. Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-1. Examples of Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-2. Defining Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-3. Timing of the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • 8-4. Higher-Order Conditioning
  • 8-5. Conditioned Emotional Responses
  • 8-6. Extinction of Conditioned Responses
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • 8-7. Discrimination and Generalization of Respondent Behavior
  • 8-8. Factors That Influence Respondent Conditioning
  • The Nature of the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • The Temporal Relationship between the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • Contingency between the Neutral Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus
  • The Number of Pairings
  • Previous Exposure to the Neutral Stimulus
  • 8-9. Distinguishing between Operant and Respondent Conditioning
  • 8-10. Respondent Conditioning and Behavior Modification
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • 9. Shaping
  • 9-1. An Example of Shaping: Teaching a Child to Talk
  • 9-2. Defining Shaping
  • 9-3. Applications of Shaping
  • Getting Mrs. F to Walk Again
  • Getting Mrs. S to Increase the Time between Bathroom Visits
  • 9-4. Research on Shaping
  • 9-5. How to Use Shaping
  • 9-6. Shaping of Problem Behaviors
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 10. Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
  • 10-1. An Example of Prompting and Fading: Teaching Tee-Ball Players to Hit the Ball
  • 10-2. What Is Prompting?
  • 10-3. What Is Fading?
  • 10-4. Types of Prompts
  • Response Prompts
  • Stimulus Prompts
  • 10-5. Transfer of Stimulus Control
  • Prompt Fading
  • Prompt Delay
  • Stimulus Fading
  • 10-6. How to Use Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
  • 10-7. Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control in Autism Treatment
  • 10-8. Verbal Behavior
  • Echoic
  • Mand
  • Tact
  • Intraverbal
  • Multiple Control of Verbal Operants
  • Teaching Verbal Behavior to Children with Autism
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 11. Chaining
  • 11-1. Examples of Behavioral Chains
  • 11-2. Analyzing Stimulus–Response Chains
  • 11-3. Task Analysis
  • 11-4. Backward Chaining
  • 11-5. Forward Chaining
  • 11-6. Total Task Presentation
  • 11-7. Other Strategies for Teaching Behavioral Chains
  • Written Task Analysis
  • Picture Prompts
  • Video Modeling
  • Self-Instructions
  • 11-8. How to Use Chaining Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 12. Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • 12-1. Examples of Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • Teaching Marcia to Say “No” to the Professors
  • Teaching Children to Protect Themselves from Abduction
  • 12-2. Components of the Behavioral Skills Training Procedure
  • Instructions
  • Modeling
  • Rehearsal
  • Feedback
  • 12-3. Enhancing Generalization after Behavioral Skills Training
  • 12-4. In Situ Assessment
  • 12-5. In Situ Training
  • 12-6. Behavioral Skills Training and the Three-Term Contingency
  • 12-7. Behavioral Skills Training in Groups
  • 12-8. Applications of Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • 12-9. How to Use Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 13. Understanding Problem Behaviors through Functional Assessment
  • 13-1. Examples of Functional Assessment
  • Jacob
  • Anna
  • 13-2. Defining Functional Assessment
  • 13-3. Functions of Problem Behaviors
  • Social Positive Reinforcement
  • Social Negative Reinforcement
  • Automatic Positive Reinforcement
  • Automatic Negative Reinforcement
  • 13-4. Functional Assessment Methods
  • Indirect Methods
  • Direct Observation Methods
  • Experimental Methods (Functional Analysis)
  • 13-5. Functional Analysis Research
  • 13-6. Conducting a Functional Assessment
  • 13-7. Functional Interventions
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 14. Applying Extinction
  • 14-1. The Case of Willy
  • 14-2. Using Extinction to Decrease a Problem Behavior
  • Collecting Data to Assess Treatment Effects
  • Identifying the Reinforcer for the Problem Behavior through Functional Assessment
  • Eliminating the Reinforcer after Each Instance of the Problem Behavior
  • 14-3. Taking Account of the Schedule of Reinforcement before Extinction
  • 14-4. Reinforcing Alternative Behaviors
  • 14-5. Promoting Generalization and Maintenance
  • 14-6. Research Evaluating the Use of Extinction
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • Appendix A. Reinforcement Illustrated by Each Example in Table 14-2
  • Appendix B. Extinction Implementation for Each Example in Table 14-2
  • 15. Differential Reinforcement
  • 15-1. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior
  • Getting Mrs. Williams to Be Positive
  • When to Use DRA
  • How to Use DRA
  • Using Differential Negative Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors
  • Variations of DRA
  • Research on DRA
  • 15-2. Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior
  • Defining DRO
  • Implementing DRO
  • Research Evaluating DRO Procedures
  • 15-3. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding
  • Defining DRL
  • Variations of DRL
  • How are DRO and Spaced-Responding DRL Different?
  • Implementing DRL Procedures
  • Research Evaluating DRL Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 16. Antecedent Interventions
  • 16-1. Examples of Antecedent Interventions
  • Getting Marianne to Study More
  • Getting Cal to Eat Right
  • 16-2. Defining Antecedent Interventions
  • Presenting the Discriminative Stimulus ( S D ) or Cues for the Desired Behavior
  • Arranging Establishing Operations for the Desirable Behavior
  • Decreasing Response Effort for the Desirable Behavior
  • Removing the Discriminative Stimulus or Cues for Undesirable Behaviors
  • Presenting Abolishing Operations for Undesirable Behaviors
  • Increasing the Response Effort for Undesirable Behaviors
  • 16-3. Research on Antecedent Interventions
  • Manipulating Discriminative Stimuli
  • Manipulating Response Effort
  • Manipulating Motivating Operations
  • 16-4. Using Antecedent Interventions
  • Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Desirable Behavior
  • Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Undesirable Behavior
  • 16-5. Functional Interventions for Problem Behaviors
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 17. Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response Cost
  • 17-1. Time-Out
  • Types of Time-Out
  • Using Reinforcement with Time-Out
  • Considerations in Using Time-Out
  • Research Evaluating Time-Out Procedures
  • 17-2. Response Cost
  • Defining Response Cost
  • Using Differential Reinforcement with Response Cost
  • Comparing Response Cost, Time-Out, and Extinction
  • Considerations in Using Response Cost
  • Research Evaluating Response Cost Procedures
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 18. Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of Punishment
  • 18-1. Punishment by Application of Aversive Activities
  • Overcorrection
  • Contingent Exercise
  • Guided Compliance
  • Physical Restraint
  • Cautions in Punishment by the Application of Aversive Activities
  • 18-2. Punishment by Application of Aversive Stimulation
  • 18-3. Positive Punishment: Treatment of Last Resort
  • 18-4. Considerations in Using Positive Punishment
  • 18-5. The Ethics of Punishment
  • Informed Consent
  • Alternative Treatments
  • Recipient Safety
  • Problem Severity
  • Implementation Guidelines
  • Training and Supervision
  • Peer Review
  • Accountability: Preventing Misuse and Overuse
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 19. Promoting Generalization
  • 19-1. Examples of Generalization Programming
  • 19-2. Defining Generalization
  • 19-3. Strategies for Promoting Generalization of Behavior Change
  • Reinforcing Occurrences of Generalization
  • Training Skills That Contact Natural Contingencies of Reinforcement
  • Modifying Contingencies of Reinforcement and Punishment in the Natural Environment
  • Incorporating a Variety of Relevant Stimulus Situations in Training
  • Incorporating Common Stimuli
  • Teaching a Range of Functionally Equivalent Responses
  • Providing Cues in the Natural Environment
  • Incorporating Self-Generated Mediators of Generalization
  • 19-4. Implementing Strategies to Promote Generalization
  • 19-5. Promoting Generalized Reductions in Problem Behaviors
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 20. Self-Management
  • 20-1. Examples of Self-Management
  • Getting Murray to Run Regularly
  • Getting Annette to Clean up Her Mess
  • 20-2. Defining Self-Management Problems
  • 20-3. Defining Self-Management
  • 20-4. Types of Self-Management Strategies
  • Goal Setting and Self-Monitoring
  • Antecedent Interventions
  • Behavioral Contracting
  • Arranging Reinforcers and Punishers
  • Social Support
  • Self-Instructions and Self-Praise
  • 20-5. Steps in a Self-Management Plan
  • 20-6. Clinical Problems
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 21. Habit Reversal Procedures
  • 21-1. Examples of Habit Behaviors
  • 21-2. Defining Habit Behaviors
  • Nervous Habits
  • Motor and Vocal Tics
  • Stuttering
  • 21-3. Habit Reversal Procedures
  • 21-4. Applications of Habit Reversal
  • Nervous Habits
  • Motor and Vocal Tics
  • Stuttering
  • 21-5. Why Do Habit Reversal Procedures Work?
  • 21-6. Other Treatment Procedures for Habit Disorders
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 22. The Token Economy
  • 22-1. Rehabilitating Sammy
  • 22-2. Defining a Token Economy
  • 22-3. Implementing a Token Economy
  • Defining the Target Behaviors
  • Identifying the Items to Use as Tokens
  • Identifying Backup Reinforcers
  • Deciding on the Appropriate Schedule of Reinforcement
  • Establishing the Token Exchange Rate
  • Establishing the Time and Place for Exchanging Tokens
  • Deciding Whether to Use Response Cost
  • Staff Training and Management
  • 22-4. Practical Considerations
  • 22-5. Applications of a Token Economy
  • 22-6. Advantages and Disadvantages of a Token Economy
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 23. Behavioral Contracts
  • 23-1. Examples of Behavioral Contracting
  • Getting Stavros to Complete His Dissertation
  • Helping Dan and His Parents Get Along Better
  • 23-2. Defining the Behavioral Contract
  • 23-3. Components of a Behavioral Contract
  • 23-4. Types of Behavioral Contracts
  • One-Party Contracts
  • Two-Party Contracts
  • 23-5. Negotiating a Behavioral Contract
  • 23-6. Why Do Behavioral Contracts Influence Behavior?
  • 23-7. Applications of Behavioral Contracts
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 24. Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
  • 24-1. Examples of Fear and Anxiety Reduction
  • Overcoming Trisha’s Fear of Public Speaking
  • Overcoming Allison’s Fear of Spiders
  • 24-2. Defining Fear and Anxiety Problems
  • 24-3. Procedures to Reduce Fear and Anxiety
  • Relaxation Training
  • Fear Reduction Procedures
  • 24-4. Clinical Problems
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • 25. Cognitive Behavior Modification
  • 25-1. Examples of Cognitive Behavior Modification
  • Helping Daniel Control His Anger
  • Helping Claire Pay Attention in Class
  • 25-2. Defining Cognitive Behavior Modification
  • Defining Cognitive Behavior
  • Functions of Cognitive Behavior
  • 25-3. Cognitive Behavior Modification Procedures
  • Cognitive Restructuring
  • Cognitive Coping Skills Training
  • Acceptance-Based Therapies
  • 25-4. Clinical Problems
  • Chapter Summary
  • Key Terms
  • Practice Quiz 1
  • Practice Quiz 2
  • Practice Quiz 3
  • Practice Test
  • Applications
  • Misapplications
  • References