An Introduction to Qualitative Research

Höfundur: Uwe Flick (Útgáfa: 7)
An Introduction to Qualitative Research

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Continuing to be THE guide to the whole qualitative research process for students, this book looks at both the theory behind qualitative research and how to put it into practice in your own work. For students across a range of social science disciplines and beyond, this is a must to help you enhance your research project. This edition introduces:    a decolonisation of methodologies    a range of indigenous, queer and feminist perspectives on methodologies assistance with defending a viva and alternative forms of assessment to suit a changing world.

More additions to this seventh edition include a section on the subjectivity of a researcher, and how your identity will shape your research. The further reading has been curated to include more than just western voices, providing you with global perspectives on qualitative research. This text introduces how to sensitively undertake ethical and inclusive research with marginalised groups. This book will help you master a comprehensive understanding of qualitative research.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
SAGE Publications, Ltd. (UK)
ISBN
9781529785524
Print ISBN
9781529781328
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Uwe Flick
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2022-09-23
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
100

Kaflar

  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • About the Author
  • Preface to the Seventh Edition
  • Guide to this Book
  • The Approach of this Book
  • The Structure of the Book
  • Special Features of the Book
  • The Seventh Edition – What is New?
  • Discover the Online Resources
  • PART 1 Foundations of Qualitative Research
  • 1 Why and How to Do Qualitative Research
  • The Relevance of Qualitative Research
  • Research Questions as a Starting Point
  • Limitations of Quantitative Research
  • Essential Features
  • A Brief History of Qualitative Research
  • Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity
  • New Challenges: Diversity and Decolonizing Qualitative Research
  • Subjectivity and Identity in Doing Qualitative Research
  • 2 The Qualitative–Quantitative Distinction
  • Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
  • Mixed-methods Research
  • Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Indigenous Research
  • Methods’ Appropriateness as a Point of Reference
  • 3 Theoretical Frameworks
  • Positivism
  • Constructionism
  • Construction of Knowledge
  • Feminism and Intersectionality
  • Gender and Queer Studies
  • Research Perspectives
  • Symbolic Interactionism
  • Ethnomethodology
  • Structuralist Models
  • Decolonization and Indigenous Research Methods
  • Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives
  • Common Features of the Different Positions
  • 4 Methods and Data in Qualitative Research
  • Research Programmes in Qualitative Research
  • Major Methods and Types of Data
  • Indigenous and Decolonizing Qualitative Research
  • General Issues
  • 5 Subjectivity, Identity and Texts in Qualitative Research
  • Subjectivity and Identity – on Both Sides
  • Text and Realities
  • Text as World Making: First-degree and Second-degree Constructions
  • Social Constructions as Starting Points
  • Interpretation and Social Construction: Biography and Narrative
  • PART 2 RESEARCH DESIGN
  • 6 Formulating a Research Question
  • Origins of Research Questions
  • Cutting Questions to Size
  • Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue
  • Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives
  • Types of Research Questions
  • Good and Bad Research Questions
  • Research Questions and Practice
  • Research Questions in Indigenous and Decolonizing Research
  • 7 Choosing and Constructing the Research Design
  • How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Research
  • The Six F’s of Designing Qualitative Research
  • Qualitative Online Research
  • Basic Designs in Qualitative Research
  • Case Studies
  • Comparative Studies
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time of the Investigation
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • Designing Qualitative Indigenous Research
  • Research Designs – How to Choose
  • 8 Planning the Process in Qualitative Research
  • Research as Linear Process
  • The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research
  • Linearity and Circularity of the Process
  • Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World
  • The Research Process in Qualitative Research in General
  • Planning Indigenous Qualitative Research
  • 9 Ethics of Doing Qualitative Research
  • The Need for Ethics in Research
  • Codes of Ethics
  • Ethics Committees
  • How to Act Ethically
  • Data Protection
  • Qualitative Research Ethics – Necessary for Better Research
  • 10 Using the Existing Literature
  • How and When to Use the Literature
  • How to Use the Theoretical Literature
  • How to Use Theories
  • How to Use the Empirical Literature
  • How to Use the Methodological Literature
  • Using Literature in Culturally Sensitive Research
  • How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study
  • Where to Search the Literature
  • How to Search the Literature
  • 11 Access, Field Relations and Participatory Research
  • Relations in the Field
  • The Problem of Access
  • Role Definitions When Entering an Open Field
  • Access to Institutions
  • Access to Individuals
  • Strangeness and Familiarity
  • Strategies for Gaining Access – Examples
  • Access and Recruiting for Qualitative Online Research
  • Involvement and Participation of Members in Indigenous Research
  • Participation as Methodological Approach
  • 12 Sampling
  • Frameworks of Sampling for Data Collection
  • Defining the Sample Structure Beforehand
  • Defining the Sample Structure Step by Step
  • Sampling Step by Step as a General Principle
  • Purposive Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
  • Aims of Sampling: Width or Depth?
  • Case Constitution in the Sample
  • Sampling Decisions in the Research Process
  • Sampling in Indigenous Research
  • 13 Qualitative Designs with Multiple Methods
  • Triangulation
  • Triangulation Step by Step
  • Issues Arising from Applying Triangulation
  • Triangulation as Systematization of Qualitative Methods
  • Mixed Methods
  • Mixed Methods in Indigenous and Decolonizing Research
  • New Concepts of Combining Approaches in/with Qualitative Research
  • PART 3 VERBAL DATA
  • 14 Collecting Verbal Data
  • What Are Verbal Data?
  • Why Verbal Data? Aims and Target Groups
  • Types of Verbal Data
  • What Are Interviews?
  • What Characterizes Narratives?
  • What Are Focus Groups?
  • Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Verbal Data
  • Collecting Verbal Data: Selecting a Form of Interviewing
  • 15 Doing Interviews
  • How to Conduct Interviews
  • Interviewing as Constructing a Framework for Listening
  • The Focused Interview
  • The Semi-standardized Interview
  • The Problem-centred Interview
  • Expert and Elite Interviews
  • The Ethnographic Interview
  • Mobile Interviewing
  • Online Interviewing
  • How to Analyse Interviews
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • 16 Doing Focus Groups
  • Group Interviews
  • Group Discussions
  • Focus Groups
  • Online Focus Groups
  • Focus Groups in Decolonizing, Critical and Indigenous Research
  • How to Analyse Focus Groups
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • 17 Using Narrative Data
  • Narratives: Why and How? Backgrounds and Approaches
  • The Narrative Interview
  • The Episodic Interview
  • Between Biography and Episode
  • Joint Narratives
  • Criteria-based Comparison of Narrative Approaches of Collecting Data
  • How to Analyse Narratives
  • Small Narratives and Constructionist Analysis
  • Narrative Research Methods in Indigenous Postcolonial Research
  • PART 4 DATA BEYOND TALK
  • 18 Collecting Data Beyond Talk
  • Aims of Collecting Data Beyond Talk
  • Types of Data Beyond Talk
  • What is Observation?
  • What is Participant Observation?
  • What is Ethnography?
  • What is Virtual Ethnography?
  • What is Visual Qualitative Research?
  • What Are Documents?
  • What Are Digital Data?
  • Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Data Beyond Talk
  • 19 Observation and Ethnography
  • Observation
  • Participant Observation
  • Ethnography
  • Writing Field Notes
  • Virtual Ethnography
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • Analysing Observations and Ethnographies
  • 20 Visual Data: Photography, Film and Video
  • Photographs as an Instrument and Object of Research
  • Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research
  • Video Analysis in Qualitative Research
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • 21 Documents as Data and Secondary Data Analysis
  • What Characterizes Documents?
  • Using Documents as Data: More than Textual Analysis
  • Selecting Documents
  • Constructing a Corpus
  • The Practicalities of Using Documents
  • How to Analyse Documents
  • Analysing Internet Documents
  • Secondary Analysis of Existing Qualitative Data
  • 22 Digital and Social Media Research
  • Social Media and Their Relevance
  • Research Questions in Social Media Research
  • How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Social Media Research
  • Data for (Qualitative) Social Media Research
  • Collecting Digital and Social Media Data with Qualitative Methods
  • Using Twitter for Qualitative Research
  • Using Facebook for Qualitative Research
  • Using Blogs for Qualitative Research
  • Collecting Digital Data with Smartphones
  • Combining Virtual and Traditional Qualitative Research Methods
  • Methodological Issues
  • Big Data as a Challenge and a Threat for Qualitative Research
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • PART 5 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
  • 23 Analysing Qualitative Data
  • Aims of Qualitative Data Analysis
  • What is Qualitative Data Analysis?
  • Data Management
  • Using Naturally Occurring or Elicited Data
  • Methods or Data as Points of Reference
  • What is Coding?
  • What is Sequential Analysis?
  • What is Interpretation?
  • Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis
  • Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
  • Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis – How to Choose
  • 24 Transcription and Data Management
  • Technological Progress and Problems of Recording Data
  • Research Diaries
  • Documentation Sheets
  • Transcription
  • Reality as Text: Text as New Reality
  • Transcripts and Data in Indigenous Research
  • Data Management
  • 25 Grounded Theory Coding
  • Grounded Theory Methodology
  • Key Steps towards Grounded Theory Analysis
  • Grounded Theory Analysis
  • Grounded Theory Coding: Ways and Versions
  • Which Approach to Choose?
  • Grounded Theory Coding: Integrated Approach or Starting Point?
  • 26 Thematic Coding and Content Analysis
  • Thematic Coding
  • Thematic Analysis
  • Qualitative Content Analysis
  • Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches
  • 27 Analysing Naturally Occurring Data: Conversation and Discourse
  • Using Naturally Occurring Data
  • Conversation Analysis
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Objective Hermeneutics
  • Interpretive Research in Decolonizing Studies
  • Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches to Naturally Occurring Data
  • 28 Using Software in Qualitative Data Analysis
  • New Technologies: Hopes, Fears and Fantasies
  • Ways of Using Software and Computers in Qualitative Research
  • Why Use Software for Analysing Qualitative Data?
  • History and State of Development of QDA Software
  • Software for Analysing Qualitative Data: How to Choose?
  • Examples: ATLAS.ti, NVivo and MAXQDA
  • How to Use Software in Qualitative Research
  • Software’s Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples
  • More Recent Developments: CAQDAS 2.0
  • PART 6 GROUNDING, WRITING AND OUTLOOK
  • 29 Quality of Qualitative Research: Criteria and Beyond
  • Selective Plausibilization
  • Reliability
  • Validity
  • Objectivity
  • Classical Criteria in Qualitative Research?
  • Alternative Criteria
  • Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to Old Questions?
  • Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research
  • Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quality Assurance?
  • Strategies of Generalization in Qualitative Research
  • Process Evaluation and Reflexivity
  • Research Steps and Methods: Rules of Thumb and Key Questions
  • Indication for Qualitative Research
  • Quality Management
  • 30 Writing Up and Assessment in Qualitative Research
  • Writing and Reporting in Decolonizing Qualitative Research
  • Reflexive Function of Writing
  • Dissolution of Social Science into Styles of Writing?
  • Pragmatic Function of Writing: Presentation of Results
  • Legitimizing Function of Writing
  • Making Qualitative Research Relevant
  • Preparing a Viva and Assessment Based on Qualitative Research
  • 31 State of the Art and the Future
  • Qualitative Research Today
  • Current Methodological Trends
  • New Challenges: Internationalization, Diversity and Decolonization
  • How to Learn and How to Teach Qualitative Research
  • The Future of Qualitative Research: Art or Method?
  • Glossary
  • References
  • Author Index
  • Subject Index