An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology

Höfundar: Bruce Yardley; Clare Warren (Útgáfa: 2)
An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology

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This second edition is fully updated to include new developments in the study of metamorphism as well as enhanced features to facilitate course teaching. It integrates a systematic account of the mineralogical changes accompanying metamorphism of the major rock types with discussion of the conditions and settings in which they formed. The use of textures to understand metamorphic history and links to rock deformation are also explored.

Specific chapters are devoted to rates and timescales of metamorphism and to the tectonic settings in which metamorphic belts develop. These provide a strong connection to other parts of the geology curriculum. Key thermodynamic and chemical concepts are introduced through examples which demonstrate their application and relevance. Richly illustrated in colour and featuring end-of-chapter and online exercises, this textbook is a comprehensive introduction to metamorphic rocks and processes for undergraduate students of petrology, and provides a solid basis for advanced study and research.

Nánar um bókina

Útgefandi
Cambridge University Press
ISBN
9781108694650
Print ISBN
9781108471558
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
2
Höfundar
Bruce Yardley; Clare Warren
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2021-02-04
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10
Prent takmörkun
2
Afritunar takmörkun
2

Kaflar

  • Cover
  • Half title
  • Title page
  • Imprints page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • 1 The Concept of Metamorphism
  • Contents
  • 1.1 Metamorphic Rocks
  • 1.2 What Do Metamorphic Rocks Look Like?
  • 1.2.1 The South-East Highlands of Scotland
  • 1.2.2 Bugaboo Aureole, British Columbia, Canada
  • 1.3 Metamorphic Changes
  • 1.4 Factors That Control Metamorphism
  • 1.4.1 Temperature
  • 1.4.2 Pressure
  • 1.4.3 Fluids
  • 1.5 Types and Settings of Metamorphism
  • 1.5.1 Regional Metamorphism
  • 1.5.2 Contact Metamorphism
  • 1.5.3 Dynamic or Cataclastic Metamorphism
  • 1.5.4 Hydrothermal Metamorphism
  • 1.5.5 Shock Metamorphism
  • 1.6 Naming Metamorphic Rocks
  • 1.6.1 Protolith Names
  • 1.6.2 Index Mineral Names
  • 1.6.3 Rock Texture Names
  • 1.6.4 Specific Names
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 2 Chemical Equilibrium in Metamorphism
  • Contents
  • 2.1 Equilibrium
  • 2.2 The Phase Rule
  • 2.2.1 Compositional Variation
  • 2.2.2 Application of the Phase Rule to Natural Rock Systems
  • 2.3 Metamorphic Phase Diagrams
  • 2.3.1 P–T Diagrams
  • 2.3.2 Compositional Phase Diagrams
  • 2.4 Metamorphic Reactions and the Phase Rule
  • 2.4.1 Discontinuous Reactions
  • 2.4.2 Continuous Reactions
  • 2.4.3 Cation-Exchange Reactions
  • 2.5 Application of Chemical Equilibrium to Natural Rocks: an Example
  • 2.6 Phase Diagrams for Too Many Components: the Projection
  • 2.7 The Influence of Fluids on Metamorphic Reactions
  • 2.8 The Concept of Buffering
  • 2.9 Practical Limitations to the Application of Chemical Equilibrium to Metamorphic Rocks
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 3 The Pressure–Temperature Conditions of Metamorphism
  • Contents
  • 3.1 Metamorphic Reactions: the Thermodynamic Principles
  • 3.2 Qualitative Relationships: Metamorphic Facies
  • 3.2.1 Groupings of Facies in Metamorphic Belts
  • 3.3 Adding Numbers: Quantitative Estimates of Pressure and Temperature
  • 3.3.1 Petrogenetic Grids
  • 3.3.2 Geothermometers and Geobarometers: the Principles
  • 3.3.3 Directly Calibrated Geothermometers and Geobarometers
  • 3.3.4 Markedly Continuous Reactions
  • 3.3.5 Cation-Exchange Reactions
  • 3.3.6 Oxygen Isotope Thermometry
  • 3.3.7 Mutual Solid-Solution Geothermometry
  • 3.3.8 Mineral Composition Geothermometers
  • Trace Element Geothermometers
  • Chlorite Geothermometer
  • 3.3.9 Computational Methods: Obtaining Metamorphic Conditions From an Entire Assemblage
  • 3.3.10 Computing Mineral Assemblages From Rock Compositions as a Function of P and T
  • 3.3.11 Non-Equilibrium Approaches to Geothermometry
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • Software Packages for Geothermometry and Geobarometry
  • 4 Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
  • Contents
  • 4.1 The AFM Projection
  • 4.2 Metamorphism at Moderate Pressures and Temperatures
  • 4.2.1 Chlorite Zone
  • 4.2.2 Biotite Zone
  • 4.2.3 Garnet Zone
  • 4.2.4 Staurolite Zone
  • 4.2.5 Kyanite Zone
  • 4.2.6 Sillimanite Zone
  • 4.2.7 Limitations on the Applicability of the AFM Diagram
  • 4.3 Metamorphism at High Temperatures
  • 4.3.1 Upper Sillimanite Zone
  • 4.3.2 Partial Melting
  • 4.3.3 Cordierite–Garnet–K-Feldspar Zone
  • 4.3.4 Partial Melting Involving Plagioclase
  • 4.3.5 Beyond Melting: Ultra-High-Grade Zones
  • 4.4 Metamorphism at Low Pressures
  • 4.4.1 Metamorphic Zones Around the Bugaboo Batholith
  • Andalusite–Cordierite–Chlorite Zone
  • Andalusite–Cordierite–Biotite Zone
  • Muscovite–K-Feldspar–Sillimanite Zone
  • Migmatite Zone
  • 4.5 Metamorphism at High Pressures
  • 4.5.1 High-Pressure Metapelites: an Alpine Example
  • Illite–Chlorite Zone
  • Chlorite–Pyrophyllite Zone
  • Carpholite Zone
  • Chloritoid Zone
  • Garnet–Kyanite Zone
  • Garnet–Talc Zone
  • 4.5.2 High-Pressure Greywackes
  • 4.5.3 High-Pressure–High-Temperature Rocks
  • 4.6 Summary: the Effect of Pressure on Metamorphic Zoning Patterns
  • 4.7 Determining P–T Conditions for Metapelite Metamorphism
  • 4.7.1 Petrogenetic Grid
  • 4.7.2 Geothermometers and Geobarometers
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 5 Metamorphism of Basic Igneous Rocks
  • Contents
  • 5.1 The Breakdown of Primary Igneous Mineral Assemblages
  • 5.2 The Facies Classification
  • 5.2.1 Mineralogical Changes Defining the Facies
  • Changes in Amphibole Composition
  • Changes in Feldspar Composition
  • 5.3 Metamorphism at Low Pressures and Temperatures
  • 5.3.1 Zeolite Facies
  • 5.3.2 Prehnite–Pumpellyite Facies
  • 5.3.3 Why are Distinctive Low-Grade Minerals Sometimes Absent?
  • 5.4 Metamorphism at Low to Moderate Pressures
  • 5.4.1 Greenschist Facies
  • 5.4.2 Amphibolite Facies
  • 5.4.3 Granulite Facies
  • 5.5 Metamorphism at High Pressures
  • 5.5.1 Blueschist Facies
  • 5.5.2 Eclogite Facies
  • 5.5.3 Ultra-High Pressure Eclogites
  • 5.5.4 Field Relationships of High-Pressure Rocks
  • 5.6 Fluid Flow and Chemical Change During Metamorphism of Basic Rocks
  • 5.6.1 Metamorphism in Sub-Aerial Geothermal Fields
  • 5.6.2 Sea-Floor Metamorphism
  • 5.7 Determining the P–T Conditions of Metamorphism from Metabasites
  • 5.7.1 A Petrogenetic Grid for Metabasites
  • 5.7.2 Specific Geothermometers and Geobarometers
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 6 Metamorphism of Limestones – Marbles, Calc-Silicates and Skarns
  • Contents
  • 6.1 Marbles
  • 6.1.1 Calcite Marbles
  • 6.1.2 Dolomitic Marbles
  • Regional Metamorphism of Dolomitic Marbles in the Central European Alps
  • 6.1.3 Controls on the Fluid Composition in Marbles
  • The Effect of Reaction on Fluid Composition
  • Decarbonation Reactions
  • Dehydration Reactions
  • Dehydration–Decarbonation Reactions
  • Hydration–Decarbonation Reactions
  • Carbonation–Dehydration Reactions
  • Fluid-Absent Reactions
  • Buffering
  • Internally Buffered Reaction Sequences in Marbles
  • Fluid Infiltration – an Example from Contact Metamorphism
  • Serpentine in Marbles
  • 6.1.4 P–T Indicators for Marbles
  • A Petrogenetic Grid for Marbles
  • Geothermometers and Geobarometers for Carbonate Rocks
  • 6.2 Calc-Silicates and Skarns
  • 6.2.1 Calc-Silicates from the Vassalboro Formation, Maine, USA
  • Ankerite Zone
  • Biotite Zone
  • Amphibole Zone
  • Zoisite Zone
  • Diopside Zone
  • Chemical Changes During Metamorphism of the Vassalboro Formation
  • 6.2.2 Why Do Carbonate Rocks Document So Much Fluid Flow?
  • 6.2.3 Skarns
  • 6.2.4 Geothermometers and Geobarometers for Skarns and Calc-Silicate Rocks
  • 6.3 Final Considerations
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 7 Mineral Growth and Textures in Metamorphic Rocks
  • Contents
  • 7.1 Crystal Shapes and Alignment
  • 7.2 How Crystals Grow
  • 7.2.1 Nucleation and Growth of Grains
  • 7.2.2 Grain Boundaries
  • 7.2.3 Transport
  • 7.3 Crystallisation Textures
  • 7.3.1 Influence of Nucleation Characteristics
  • 7.3.2 Growth and Dissolution Characteristics
  • 7.4 Disequilibrium Textures
  • 7.4.1 Chemical Zonation in Minerals
  • Growth Zoning
  • Retrograde Diffusion and Mineral Zoning
  • 7.4.2 Relic Minerals
  • 7.4.3 Determining Metamorphic P–T History for Rocks with Disequilibrium Textures
  • 7.5 Rates and Mechanisms of Metamorphic Mineral Growth
  • 7.5.1 Solution-Reprecipitation
  • 7.5.2 Coupled Reaction Cycles
  • 7.5.3 Transport-Controlled Growth
  • Reaction Rims and Corona Textures
  • 7.5.4 Interface-Controlled Growth
  • 7.5.5 Heat-Flow-Controlled Growth
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 8 Metamorphism Linked to Deformation
  • Contents
  • 8.1 How Do Rocks and Minerals Deform?
  • 8.2 Textures Produced by Deformation During Metamorphism
  • 8.2.1 The Development of Tectonic Fabrics and Mineral Alignments
  • 8.2.2 Metamorphic Segregation Layering
  • 8.2.3 Highly-Deformed Rocks – Mylonites
  • 8.3 Determining the Relative Timing of Metamorphism and Deformation
  • 8.3.1 Relative Timing of Porphyroblast and Poikiloblast Growth
  • 8.3.2 Fabric Minerals and Timing of Metamorphism
  • 8.4 Feedbacks Between Deformation and Metamorphism
  • 8.4.1 Metamorphic Reactions Enhanced by Deformation
  • 8.4.2 Metamorphism as a Trigger for Deformation
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 9 The Duration of Metamorphism
  • Contents
  • 9.1 Indirect Estimation of Metamorphic Timescales
  • 9.1.1 Rates of Heating During Contact Metamorphism
  • 9.1.2 Rates of Heating During Regional Metamorphism
  • 9.1.3 Rates of Burial and Exhumation
  • 9.1.4 Summary of the Physical Constraints on Metamorphic Cycles
  • 9.2 Minerals as Geological Clocks
  • 9.2.1 Geochronometers
  • 9.2.2 Thermochronometers
  • 9.3 Linking Age to Metamorphic History
  • 9.3.1 Direct Links: Dating Index Minerals
  • 9.3.2 Textural Correlation
  • 9.3.3 Chemical Correlation
  • 9.4 Timescales of Metamorphism
  • 9.4.1 Contact Metamorphism
  • 9.4.2 Regional Metamorphism
  • Metamorphic Field Gradients
  • High-Pressure (HP) Metamorphism
  • High-Temperature (HT) Metamorphism
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • 10 Metamorphism and Tectonics
  • Contents
  • 10.1 Modern Tectonic Settings and their Metamorphic Implications
  • 10.1.1 Mid-Ocean Ridges
  • 10.1.2 Subduction Zones
  • 10.1.3 Regions of High Magmatic Activity
  • 10.1.4 Regions of Extension
  • 10.1.5 Orogenic Belts
  • 10.2 Linking Facies Series to Tectonic Settings
  • 10.2.1 High-Pressure, Low-Temperature (HP–LT) Metamorphism
  • 10.2.2 Low-Pressure, High-Temperature (LP–HT ) Metamorphism
  • 10.2.3 Moderate-Pressure, Moderate-Temperature (MP–MT) Metamorphism
  • 10.3 Building Orogens
  • 10.3.1 Tectonic Assembly of the Himalaya
  • 10.3.2 Tectonic Assembly of the Alps
  • 10.4 How Do Tectonic Processes Drive Exhumation?
  • 10.5 Changes in Metamorphism Through Geological Time
  • Summary
  • Exercises
  • Further Reading
  • Appendices
  • Appendix 1 Glossary of Mineral Names and Abbreviations Used in the Text
  • Appendix 2 Schreinemakers Methods for the Construction of Phase Diagrams
  • A2.1 The Basics: How Many Reactions in a System?
  • A2.1.1 Degeneracy
  • A2.2 The Fundamental Axiom
  • A2.3 Morey–Schreinemakers Rule
  • A2.4 Relative Positioning of Univariant Curves About the Invariant Point
  • A2.4.1 Positioning Degenerate Reactions
  • A2.5 Orienting the Schreinemakers Bundle with Respect to Intensive Variables
  • Appendix 3 Application of the Phase Rule to Rocks Undergoing Hydrothermal Metamorphism
  • References
  • Index