An Introduction to Human Movement and Biomechanics

Höfundar: Tony Everett; M.Ed. BA; PG Dip Biomechanics; grad Dip Phys; Cert HE; Andrew Kerr; PhD; MCSP and Clar (Útgáfa: 7)
An Introduction to Human Movement and Biomechanics

Kaup valmöguleikar

Now in its seventh edition, this reputable textbook is an ideal introduction to the study of human movement and an excellent reference encouraging and directing further study. For the first time there is a chapter dedicated to measuring and understanding physical activity, recognising the importance of this area to many health and sports professionals. More time is spent explaining the basic principles of biomechanics and the way they can be used to improve practice, including tissue mechanics and movement analysis techniques.

An Introduction to Human Movement and Biomechanics is the perfect guide for students and professionals all around the world to consolidate learning and apply to real clinical/sports situation. Information is given in a clear and accessible way, with case studies, illustrations, textboxes and practical examples. • A chapter on physical (in)activity. • More chapters explaining basic biomechanics and its application to understanding human movement.

• A new section dedicated to measuring human movement including movement analysis techniques. • A whole chapter of case studies with real patient and athlete data • Scientific theory related to re-learning movement and movement control. • Problems posed to help students work through the theory and apply it to clinical scenarios • Written by well-known and multi-disciplinary researchers with extensive experience in the field It includes access to the Evolve online resources: • Log on to evolve.

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Útgefandi
Elsevier Limited (UK)
ISBN
9780702065002
Print ISBN
9780702062360
Format
ePub
Útgáfa
7
Höfundar
Tony Everett; M.Ed. BA; PG Dip Biomechanics; grad Dip Phys; Cert HE; Andrew Kerr; PhD; MCSP and Clar
Tungumál
English
Útgefið
2019-03-26
Prent takmörkun á líftíma
10

Kaflar

  • An Introduction to Human Movement and Biomechanics
  • Cover
  • Front Matter
  • An Introduction to Human Movement and Biomechanics
  • Table of Contents
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • About the Authors
  • Contributors
  • Acknowledgements
  • List of Illustrations
  • List of Tables
  • 1 : Introduction
  • Outline
  • Movement
  • Understanding Movement
  • Understanding Movement for Rehabilitation
  • Structure of the Book
  • Section 1: How Things Move and Flow: Chapters 2 to 5
  • Section 2: Human Movement: Chapters 6 to 10
  • Section 3: Measurement of Movement: Chapters 11 to 14
  • Section 4: Restoring and Optimising Human Movement: Chapters 15 to 17
  • Notice About Maths and Physics
  • About the Supporting Information
  • 2 : Force
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • What Is Force?
  • What Does a Mechanical Force Do?
  • Scalar or Vector?
  • Drawing Vectors
  • Point of Application
  • Force Magnitude and Change in Motion
  • What You Need to Remember so Far
  • The Force of Muscles
  • Magnitude of Moments
  • Direction of Moments
  • What You Have to Remember About Moments
  • Analysing Force
  • How Do Forces Combine?
  • Analysing Muscle Force Application
  • Q Angle and Knee Pain
  • Measuring Force
  • Using Mathematics to Resolve Force
  • Summary Part Two
  • Applying a Mobilisation Technique to the Back
  • Answers to Questions Posed in the Text
  • Self-Assessment: Questions
  • 3 : Stability and Balance
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Gravity: the Ultimate Force
  • Centre of Mass
  • Calculating the Centre of Mass
  • What Should You Remember About Mass?
  • Moments Created by Mass
  • Moments and Posture
  • Stability
  • Local and General Stability
  • Standing Balance
  • What You Need to Remember
  • Answers to Questions Posed in the Text
  • Answer 1
  • Answer 2
  • Answer 3
  • Answer 4
  • Answer 5
  • Answer 6
  • Self-Assessment: Questions
  • 4 : Energy and Movement
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Quick Revision
  • Newton's First Law (Inertia)
  • Moment of Inertia
  • Linear Momentum
  • Rotational Momentum
  • Centripetal and Centrifugal Force
  • Conservation of Angular Momentum
  • Newton's Second Law: Impulse and Momentum
  • What About Trying a Patient Problem?
  • Newton's Third Law: Action and Reaction
  • Summary of Newton's Laws of Motion
  • Pressure and Friction: Bodies in Contact
  • Centre of Pressure
  • Friction
  • Summary of Friction and Pressure
  • Work
  • Example of Work in a Straight Line
  • Example of Angular Work
  • Muscles at Work
  • Question 1
  • Question 2
  • Question 3
  • Direction of Work
  • Using Machines to Do Work
  • Categories of Levers
  • Movement Ratio
  • More Advanced Machines
  • Pulleys
  • Pulleys in the Human Body
  • The Power of Work
  • Efficiency
  • What You Need to Remember From That Bit
  • Practical Problems on Force and Human Movement
  • Energy During Movement
  • Elastically Stored Potential Energy
  • Energy Conservation
  • The Determinants of Gait
  • Stance Phase Knee Flexion
  • Pelvic List
  • What You Need to Remember About Energy?
  • Answers to Questions Posed in Text
  • Answer to Question 2
  • Answer to Question 3
  • Answer to Question 4
  • Answer to Question 5
  • Categories of Levers
  • Answer to Activity Box 4.6
  • Answers to Practical Problems on Force and Human Movement
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 5 : Flow
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Basics of Material Science
  • Stress
  • Compressive Stress
  • Tensile Stress
  • Shear Stress
  • Strain
  • Stress–Strain Relationship and Stiffness
  • Other Properties of Materials
  • Summary of Material Science Basics
  • Connective Tissue
  • Composition and Mechanical Properties of Connective Tissue
  • Ground Substance
  • Fibres
  • Collagen Fibres
  • Elastic Fibres
  • Cells
  • Skin
  • Muscle
  • Tendon
  • The Muscle Harness
  • Bone
  • Articular Cartilage
  • Tissue Remodelling
  • Inactivity (Immobilisation)
  • Maturation
  • Effect of Ageing
  • Effect of Recent History
  • Temperature
  • The Science of a Stretch
  • Summary of Connective Tissue
  • Fluids and Gases
  • Relative Density
  • Hydrostatic Pressure
  • Density and Pressure Summary
  • Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy and Pascal's Law
  • Pressure
  • Air Pressure
  • Mechanics of Flow
  • Drag
  • Bernoulli's Principle
  • Blood Flow: Haemodynamics
  • Summary Fluid Dynamics
  • Therapeutic Flow
  • Dynamic Wrist Splints
  • Hydrotherapy
  • Respiratory Technique
  • Answers to Questions Posed in Text
  • A The Foot While Jogging
  • B A Blow to Back of Knee
  • Creep
  • Hydrotherapy Question
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 6 : Skeletal Muscle, Muscle Work, Strength, Power and Endurance
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Protein Filaments
  • The Sarcomere
  • The Difference Between Muscle Force and Muscle Strength
  • Muscle Work
  • Muscle Strength
  • Recruitment
  • Muscle Fibre Types
  • Gradation of Muscle Force
  • Length-Tension Relationship
  • Active and Passive Tension
  • Force–Velocity Relationship
  • Angle of Pull
  • Stability and Sequencing
  • Anatomy
  • Age and Sex
  • Psychological Factors
  • Muscle Power
  • Muscle Endurance
  • Fatigue
  • Measuring Muscle Work
  • Measuring Muscle Strength
  • Physiological Cross-Sectional Area
  • Atrophy and Hypertrophy
  • Measuring Endurance
  • When Things Go Wrong
  • Increasing Strength and Endurance
  • Muscle Strength
  • Physiological Processes
  • Increased Vascularisation
  • Increase in Size
  • Increasing Strength
  • Resistance Training
  • Assessment
  • Principles of Strength Training
  • Overload.
  • Specificity.
  • Progressive (or principle of diminishing returns).
  • Reversibility.
  • Motivation and learning.
  • Programme Design
  • Frequency.
  • Intensity.
  • Time.
  • Type.
  • Exercise programme.
  • Progressive Resistance Exercises
  • Specific Regimens
  • Increasing Endurance
  • Endurance Training
  • Delivery of Exercise
  • Conclusion
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 7 : Joint Mobility
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Range of Movement
  • Factors Involved in Assisting and Restricting Range of Movement
  • Normal Range
  • Normal Joint Constraint in an Intact (Healthy) System
  • Abnormal Limitation
  • Destruction of Bone and Cartilage
  • Fracture
  • Tearing or Displacement of Intracapsular Structures
  • Soft Tissue Lesions
  • Injury or Immobilisation
  • Muscular Changes and Pathology
  • Neurological Impairment
  • Pain
  • Hypertrophy
  • Ageing
  • Hypermobility
  • Effects of Decreased Range of Movement
  • Treatment
  • Types of Therapeutic Movement of Joints
  • Passive Movement
  • Relaxed Passive Movements
  • Manual relaxed passive movements.
  • Indications.
  • Potential outcomes
  • Maintaining range of movement and preventing contractures .
  • Maintaining integrity of soft tissue and muscle elasticity.
  • Increase venous circulation .
  • Joint cartilage nutrition.
  • Kinaesthetic awareness.
  • Reduce pain.
  • Contraindications
  • Principles of application.
  • Auto-relaxed passive movements.
  • Mechanical relaxed passive movements.
  • Passive Stretching
  • Stretching of biological material.
  • Loading and unloading paths.
  • Bone.
  • Soft tissues.
  • Tendons.
  • Ligaments.
  • Muscle.
  • Articular cartilage.
  • Factors that can affect the stress–strain response of tissue
  • Immobilisation.
  • Effects of age.
  • Effects of drugs.
  • Performing a stretch.
  • Accessory Movements
  • Manipulation
  • Effects.
  • Thixotropy
  • Active Movement
  • Electrical Stimulation
  • Single or Patterned
  • Conclusion
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 8 : Posture and Balance
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Human Posture
  • Adaptations to Bipedalism
  • Adaptations of the Spine
  • Adaptations of the Foot
  • Development of the S-Shaped Spine Across the Lifespan
  • ‘Ideal’ Alignment of Segments
  • Upright Stance
  • Further Reading
  • Sitting
  • Lying
  • Summary
  • Requirements for Achieving the ‘Ideal’ Posture
  • Postural Alignment in the Real World
  • Factors Influencing Segmental Alignment
  • In Childhood and Adolescence
  • In Adulthood
  • Other causes of fixed postures.
  • Hormone-related changes.
  • Temporary influences on postural alignment.
  • Defined Postural Deviations From the ‘Ideal’
  • Scoliosis (See Fig. 8.8B )
  • Kyphosis (See Fig. 8.8C )
  • Hyperlordosis (See Fig. 8.8D )
  • Swayback (See Fig. 8.8F )
  • Flat Back (See Fig. 8.8G )
  • Summary
  • Maintaining a Functional Posture
  • Introduction
  • Definitions
  • How Does Balance Work?
  • Posture and Movement Sensation
  • Vestibular system.
  • Visual system.
  • Somatosensory system (the body sensors).
  • When Do We Need the Input?
  • Sensory Integration
  • Intermodal theory of sensory organisation.
  • Sensory weighting theory.
  • Regulation and Anticipatory Control
  • Conclusion
  • Postural Control Synergies in Standing
  • Managing Anteroposterior Challenges
  • Ankle Strategy
  • Hip Strategy
  • Stepping Strategy
  • Managing Perturbations From Other Directions
  • Measurement of Balance
  • Summary
  • Requirements for an integrated postural control response.
  • Factors That Affect Postural Control
  • Ageing
  • Effects of Coexisting Multisystem Activity
  • Effects of High or Low Levels of Exercise
  • Summary
  • Relevance to Practice
  • Symptomatic Postural Alignment
  • Identifying Causes for Symptomatic Postures
  • Relieving the Symptoms and Preventing Recurrence
  • Balance Reeducation
  • Identifying the Causes
  • Balance Training Technology
  • Conclusion
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 9 : Motor Control
  • Outline
  • Learning Objectives
  • Introduction
  • Overview of the Motor Control System
  • Communication Across Neurons and Transmission of Motor Impulse
  • The Role of Sensation and Afferent Receptors in Motor Control
  • Receptors
  • The Muscle Spindle
  • Golgi Tendon Organ
  • Theories of Motor Control
  • How Do We Control Movement?
  • Basic Movements—Open and Closed Loop Control
  • Complex Movements and Central Pattern Generators (A Special Kind of Motor Programme)
  • The Damaged Motor System
  • Summary
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 10 : Development and Decline of Movement
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Part One: Development of Movement
  • Introduction to Child Development
  • Typical Development of Physical Skills
  • Foetal Movement
  • Movements of the Newborn
  • The Primitive Reflexes
  • Acquiring Key Movement Skills: The Developmental Milestones
  • Postural Control Starts With the Eyes
  • Head Control
  • Object Manipulation (Hand Skills)
  • Primitive Grasp
  • Standing and Walking
  • Moving From Standing to Walking
  • Gait Initiation in Standing
  • Cognitive Development
  • Theories on How a Child Learns
  • Piaget's Stages of Learning
  • Piaget's Stages of Development
  • Part Two: Decline of Movement
  • Introduction
  • Ageing
  • Age-Related Changes in Cognition and Psychology
  • Cognitive Function and Ageing
  • Age-Related Anxiety and Depression
  • Age-Related Changes in Motivation and Self-Regulation
  • The Impact of Ageing on Mobility
  • Fatigue
  • Activities of Daily Living
  • Gait
  • Age-Related Changes in Other Functional Movements
  • Stair Negotiation
  • Sit-to-Stand
  • Stooping Down to Pick Up an Object
  • Upper Extremity Tasks
  • Falls in Older Adults
  • Ageing and Physical Activity
  • Plasticity in Older Adults
  • Geriatric Rehabilitation Case Study
  • History
  • Physiotherapy Assessment
  • Management
  • The Motivation to Move
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 11 : Nine Key Things That Define Physical Movement
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • What Is Motion and How Do We Describe It?
  • Time
  • Linear Kinematics
  • Angular Kinematics
  • Forces and Moments
  • Newton's First Law of Motion
  • Newton's Second Law of Motion
  • Newton's Third Law of Motion
  • Derived Variables
  • Summary
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • 12 : Biomechanical Measurements Including Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis Systems
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Full Three-Dimensional Motion Capture
  • Movement Assessment Systems
  • Visual Movement Evaluation
  • Timing
  • Linear Displacement
  • Angular Displacement
  • Accelerometers and Inertial Measurement Units
  • Force Transducers
  • Moments
  • Other Scientific Measures of Human Movement
  • Summary
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 13 : Clinical Measures of Mobility Within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • For further information see
  • The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
  • Movement and Mobility
  • Body Functions
  • Denoted With a ‘b’ in the ICF Coding System
  • Body Structures
  • Denoted With an ‘s’ in the ICF Coding System
  • Activities and Participation
  • Denoted With a ‘d’ in the ICF Coding System
  • Participation
  • Environmental Factors
  • Denoted With an ‘e’ in the ICF Coding System
  • The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Mobility Model
  • Measuring Mobility Across the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
  • Case Study #1: Treadmill Training to Improve Walking Function in Parkinson's Disease
  • Background
  • Body Structures and Functions: Parkinson's Disease
  • Clinical Measurement Options: Body Structure and Function
  • Activity Restrictions: Parkinson's Disease
  • Clinical Measurement Options: Activity
  • Participation: Parkinson's Disease
  • Clinical Measurement Options: Participation
  • Case Study #2: The Effect of Spinal Mobilisation Techniques on Non-Specific Low Back Pain
  • Background
  • Body Structures and Functions: Low Back Pain
  • Clinical Measurement Options: Body Structure and Function
  • Clinical Measurement Options: Activity
  • Participation: Low Back Pain
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 14 : Physical (In)Activity
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Energy
  • Promoting Physical Activity to Improve Health
  • Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity
  • So What Is Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity?
  • Walking and Metabolic Activities
  • Some Final Thoughts on Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity
  • If It Is Not Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity, Does This Mean It Is Has No Health Benefit?
  • Vigorous Physical Activity
  • Banding of Physical Activities
  • Sedentary Behaviour
  • Is Sedentary Behaviour Bad for Us?
  • How DO We Measure the Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity?
  • Physical Activity in Free Living
  • Objectively Measuring Free Living Physical Activity
  • Activity Monitor Placement and Attaching It
  • Activity Monitors Incorporating Physiological Measurement
  • Importance of Walking in Physical Activity
  • Changing Physical (In)Activity Behaviour
  • Scenario 1
  • Scenario 2
  • Scenario 3
  • Scenario 4
  • Summary
  • Answers to Questions Posed in Text
  • Answer to Activity Box 14.2 , Ranked Lowest to Highest in Energy Cost (Metabolic Activity)
  • Some Suggestions for Activity Box 14.5
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 15 : Motor Relearning Principles
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Principles of Motor Learning
  • Theories of Skill Learning
  • Three-Stage Model ( Fitts and Posner, 1967 )
  • Two-Stage Model ( Gentile, 1972 )
  • Lifespan Model ( Starkes et al., 2004 )
  • How Much Practice Do We Need?
  • How Should We Practise?
  • The concepts of variable, random, massed, distributed, part, whole and mental practice.
  • Variable and Random Practice
  • Variation With the Same Skill
  • Varying Between Skills
  • Massed Versus Distributed Practice
  • Whole Versus Part Practice
  • Mental Practice
  • Feedback
  • Guidance Hypothesis
  • Attentional Focus
  • Spotlight on the Use of Virtual Reality Technology in Skill Acquisition
  • Optimal Performance
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 16 : Ergonomics: The Influence of the Environment on Human Movement
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • What Is the Environment?
  • Why Do We Need to Consider the Environment?
  • A Systematic Approach
  • The Environment's Impact on Movement Systems
  • The Balance Theory Model
  • The Task Environment
  • The Task Design
  • Technology
  • The Organisation
  • The Individual
  • Summary
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • 17 : Case Studies in Human Movement
  • Outline
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Introduction
  • Case Study One: Gait of a Child With Cerebral Palsy Before and After Corrective Surgery *
  • Background
  • The Movement
  • Case Study
  • Results
  • Kinematic Data
  • Kinetic Data
  • Case Study Two: Spinal Biomechanics Case Study—Spinal Responses During Walking and Low Back Pain *
  • Introduction
  • Analysing Walking
  • Case Study
  • Case Study Three: Using an Ankle-Foot Orthosis to Correct Hemiplegic Gait in Stroke Patients *
  • Introduction
  • Background
  • Walking After Stroke
  • Orthotic Intervention
  • Case Study
  • Case Study Four: the Sit-to-Stand Movement *
  • Background
  • The Movement
  • Case Study
  • Case Study Five: Upper Limb Impairment After Stroke *
  • Introduction
  • Medical History and Evaluation of Motor Impairment and Functional Limitation
  • Motion Analysis
  • Shoulder Flexion/Extension/Abduction
  • Elbow Flexion/Extension
  • Forearm Supination/Pronation
  • Wrist Flexion/Extension
  • Summary
  • Case Study Six: The Rowing Stroke *
  • Background
  • The Movement
  • Case Study
  • Self-Assessment Questions
  • References
  • Appendix
  • Chapter 2 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 3 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 4 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 5 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 6 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 7 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 8 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 9 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 10 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 11 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 12 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 13 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 14 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 15 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 16 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Chapter 17 : Self-Assessment Answers
  • Index
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Z