A Conceptual History of Psychology
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In the new edition of this original and penetrating book, John D. Greenwood provides an in-depth analysis of the subtle conceptual continuities and discontinuities that inform the history of psychology from the speculations of the Ancient Greeks to contemporary cognitive psychology. He also demonstrates the fashion in which different conceptions of human and animal psychology and behavior have become associated and disassociated over the centuries.
Moving easily among psychology, history of science, physiology, and philosophy, Greenwood provides a critically challenging account of the development of psychology as a science. He relates the remarkable stories of the intellectual pioneers of modern psychology, while exploring the social and political milieu in which they operated, and dispels many of the myths of the history of psychology, based upon the best historical scholarship of recent decades.
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- Cambridge University Press
- 9781316365465
- 9781107057395
- ePub
- 2
- John D. Greenwood
- English
- 2015-08-25
- 10
Kaflar
- Cover
- Half title
- Title page
- Imprints page
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 History, science, and psychology
- Historiography of psychology
- Internal and external history
- Zeitgeist and great man history
- Presentist and contextualist history
- Conceptual history of psychology
- History of psychology as an academic discipline
- Science and psychology
- Objectivity
- Causal explanation
- Empirical evaluation
- Atomism
- Universality of causal explanation
- Ontological Invariance
- Explanatory reduction
- Experimentation and empiricism
- Philosophy, physiology, and science
- 2 Ancient Greek science and psychology
- Greek science
- The naturalists
- The formalists
- The physicians
- Aristotle: the science of the psyche
- Theoretical science
- Causality and teleology
- Aristotle’s psychology
- Materialism and psychological explanation
- Functionalism in Aristotle
- Consciousness and vitality
- 3 Rome and the medieval period
- The Roman age
- Rome and science
- The decline of the Roman Empire
- Neoplatonism and Christianity
- Christianity and pagan thought
- Medieval psychology
- Islam
- European recovery: reason and faith
- The Christian Church and Aristotelian philosophy
- The inner senses
- Medieval christianity and science
- Witches and demons
- Natural fools and accidie
- Empiriks
- The end of the medieval period
- 4 The scientific revolution
- Renaissance and Reformation
- The scientific revolution
- The Copernican revolution
- Realism and instrumentalism
- Galileo and the new science
- Andreas Vesalius and the scientific revolution in medicine
- Francis Bacon and the inductive method
- Social dimensions of science
- The Newtonian synthesis
- Man the machine
- René Descartes: mind and mechanism
- Descartes’ science
- Animal automatism
- Mind and body
- Machine and animal intelligence
- Endogenous vitalism
- Introspection and images
- La Mettrie: machine man
- Organized matter
- Machines and morality
- Thomas Hobbes: empiricism, materialism, and individualism
- Mental mechanism and stimulus–response psychology
- 5 The Newtonian psychologists
- The Newtonian psychologists
- Newtonian science
- John Locke: the under-laborer for Newtonian science
- Psychological and meaning empiricism
- Primary and secondary qualities
- Consciousness
- The association of ideas
- George Berkeley: constancy and coherence
- Cogeries of sensible impressions
- Sign and signified
- Distance perception
- David Hume: mental mechanism
- Impressions and ideas
- Mental mechanism
- Causality as constant conjunction
- The empiricist conception of causal explanation
- Hume’s moral psychology
- David Hartley: the neurology of association
- Sensationalists and Idéologues in France
- Critical responses to Newtonian psychology
- Realism and common sense
- Rationalist reaction
- Leibniz and apperception
- Kant and the categories
- Something completely different
- Toward a science of psychology
- 6 Physiology and psychology
- Positivism
- Associationist psychology
- James Mill: points of consciousness
- John Stuart Mill: mental chemistry and unconscious inference
- Psychological science
- Unconscious inference
- Alexander Bain: psychology and physiology
- Voluntary behavior
- Cerebral localization
- Franz Joseph Gall: phrenology
- Empirical and biological psychology
- Applied phrenology
- Pierre Flourens: experimental physiology
- Experimental ablation
- The functional unity of the cerebral cortex
- François Magendie: the Bell–Magendie law
- Sensory and motor nerves
- Cognition and sensory-motor function
- Pierre-Paul Broca: aphasia
- Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig: the excitability of the cerebral cortex
- The sensory-motor theory of the nervous system
- Ideomotor behavior
- Epiphenomenalism
- Control and inhibition
- Experimental physiology in Germany
- Johannes Müller: experimental physiology
- Vitalism and the Berlin Physical Society
- Emil du Bois-Reymond: electrophysiology
- Hermann von Helmholtz: physiological psychology
- Perception as unconscious inference
- Ivan Sechenov: inhibition
- Gustav Fechner: psychophysics
- Physiological psychology and objective psychology
- 7 Theories of evolution
- Early evolutionary theories
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: the inheritance of acquired characteristics
- Herbert Spencer: evolution as a cosmic principle
- Spencer’s theory of evolution
- Social Darwinism
- Evolutionary psychology
- Spencer’s impact
- Charles Darwin: evolution by natural selection
- The voyage of the Beagle
- The theory of evolution by natural selection
- Darwin’s delay
- The reception of Darwin’s theory
- The Descent of Man
- Darwinism, racism, and sexism
- Neo-Darwinism
- Darwin’s influence on psychology
- Francis Galton: individual differences and eugenics
- Individual differences
- Nature and nurture
- Eugenics
- Mental evolution and comparative psychology
- Spalding on instinct
- George John Romanes: animal intelligence
- Romanes’ methodology
- Conwy Lloyd Morgan: Morgan’s canon and emergent evolution
- Morgan’s canon
- Emergent evolution
- Stimulus–response psychology
- 8 Psychology in Germany
- Psychology in Germany before Wundt
- Johann Friedrich Herbart: dynamic psychology
- Wilhelm Wundt: physiological psychology
- The Leipzig laboratory
- Physiological psychology
- Experimental methods
- Wundt’s psychology
- Völkerpsychologie
- Wundt’s legacy
- Wundt’s American students
- German psychology beyond Leipzig
- Hermann Ebbinghaus: on memory
- Georg Elias Müller: the experimentalist
- Franz Brentano: intentionality
- Carl Stumpf: the Berlin Institute of Experimental Psychology
- Oswald Külpe: the Würzburg School
- The Würzburg Institute
- Imageless thoughts and determining tendencies
- The modern investigation of thinking
- The controversy with Wundt
- Gestalt psychology
- The Phi phenomenon
- Relational elements
- Good form
- Koffka and Köhler
- Gestalt psychology and field theory
- The support for Gestalt psychology
- The legacy of Gestalt psychology
- Applied psychology in Germany
- 9 Psychology in America: the early years
- Psychology and the development of the American University
- The success of psychology
- Philosophy and psychology
- Applied psychology
- James and Münsterberg at Harvard
- William James
- The Metaphysical Society
- James’ psychology
- James’ influence
- Hugo Münsterberg
- Popular and applied psychology
- Ladd and Scripture at Yale
- Hall at Johns Hopkins and Clark
- Johns Hopkins and the new psychology
- Clark and genetic psychology
- The American Psychological Association
- Adolescence and sex
- Old age
- Applying the Wundtian skeleton: Cattell, Witmer, Scott, and Wolfe
- James McKeen Cattell: mental testing
- Lightner Witmer: clinical psychology
- Walter Dill Scott: industrial psychology
- Harry Kirke Wolfe: scientific pedagogy
- Edward B. Titchener and structural psychology
- Structural psychology
- Inspection and introspection
- Völkerpsychologie and applied psychology
- The Experimentalists
- Imageless thought
- The eclipse of structural psychology
- Scientific and applied psychology
- 10 Functionalism, behaviorism, and mental testing
- The turn to applied psychology
- Functional psychology
- Baldwin and Titchener on reaction time
- Individual differences
- John Dewey: purpose and adaptation
- The reflex arc
- James Rowland Angell: the province of functional psychology
- The utilities of consciousness
- Functional psychology as American psychology
- Social engineering
- Behaviorism
- Background to behaviorism
- Early forms of behaviorism
- William McDougall: purposive behaviorism
- Animal psychology
- The albino rat
- Criteria of the psychic
- Edward L. Thorndike: the law of effect
- The law of effect
- Connectionism
- Educational psychology
- Ivan Pavlov: classical conditioning
- Conditioned reflexes
- Bechterev and motor reflexes
- John B. Watson: psychology as the behaviorist views it
- Watson’s behaviorism
- Cognition as motor response
- The reception of Watson’s behaviorism
- Learning and conditioning
- Life’s little difficulties
- Watson’s environmentalism
- Last years
- Mental testing, immigration, and sterilization
- The Binet–Simon intelligence test
- Goddard and the feebleminded
- The First World War and the army testing project
- Putting psychology on the map
- Immigration and sterilization
- The status of applied psychology
- 11 Neobehaviorism, radical behaviorism, and problems of behaviorism
- Neobehaviorism
- Logical positivism
- Operationism
- Edward C. Tolman: purposive behaviorism
- Purposive behaviorism
- Intervening variables and hypothetical constructs
- Clark L. Hull: a Newtonian behavioral system
- Intervening variables and cognitive constructs
- Neobehaviorist theory and operational definition
- What is learned?
- Theoretical meaning and operational measures
- Radical behaviorism
- Operant conditioning
- Explanatory fictions
- Radical behaviorism
- The Second World War and the professionalization of academic psychology
- Psychological contributions to the war effort
- The reorganization of the American Psychological Association
- Postwar expansion
- Problems of behaviorism
- Chomsky’s critique of Skinner
- The misbehavior of organisms
- Contiguity and frequency
- Consciousness and conditioning
- The neurophysiology of learning
- The eve of the cognitive revolution
- 12 The cognitive revolution
- Information theory
- Claude Shannon: communication theory
- Norbert Wiener: cybernetics
- Donald Broadbent: information processing
- Computers and cognition
- Turing machines
- ENIAC and EDVAC
- Computer simulation of cognitive processes
- Artificial intelligence
- Cognitive psychology
- Jerome Bruner: higher mental processes
- George Miller: cognitive science
- Strategies, programs, and plans
- Ulric Neisser: cognitive psychology
- The cognitive revolution
- The cognitive revolution
- The cognitive revolution as paradigm shift
- From intervening variables to cognitive hypothetical constructs
- Cognition and behavior
- Structuralism and anthropomorphism
- The cognitive tradition
- Critical reaction
- The second century
- 13 Abnormal and clinical psychology
- Neuroses, alienists, and psychiatry
- The reform of asylums
- Magnetism, mesmerism, and hypnosis
- Freud and psychoanalysis
- Studies on hysteria
- Psychosexual development
- The reception of Freud’s theory
- The scientific status of Freud’s theory
- Scientific psychology and abnormal psychology
- ECT, lobotomy, and psychopharmacology
- Psychoactive drugs and institutional care
- The myth of mental illness
- Postwar clinical psychology
- Clinical training
- Humanistic psychology
- Into the twenty-first century
- Epilogue: the past and future of scientific psychology
- Index